History of Civil Engineering Essay Example for Free

History of Civil engineer EssayCivil engineering involves the design, construction, and livelihood of works such as roads, bridges, and buildings. Its a science that includes a variety of disciplines including soils, social structures, geology, and other fields. Thus the history of elegant engineering is closely associated with the history of advance in these sciences. In ancient history, most of the construction was carried out by artisans, and technical expertise was limited. Tasks were accomplished by the utilization of manual labor only, without the put on of sophisticated machinery, since it did not exist. Therefore, civil engineering works could only be realized with the utilization of a large number of skilled workers over an prolonged period of time.* Prehistoric and Ancient Civil Engineering StructuresIt might be appropriate to assume that the science of civil engineering truly commenced between 4000 and 2000 BC in Egypt when shipping gained such importance that it led to the development of the wheel. According to the historians, the Pyramids were constructed in Egypt during 2800-2400 BC and may be considered as the first large structure construction ever. The Great Wall of China that was constructed around 200 BC is considered another get hold ofment of ancient civil engineering. The Romans developed extensive structures in their empire, including aqueducts, bridges, and dams. A scientific approach to the physical sciences concerning civil engineering was implemented by Archimedes in the third century BC, by utilizing the Archimedes Principle concerning buoyancy and the Archimedes screw for peak water.ASCE Online Librarywww.ascelibrary.orgFree search 800,000 pages All areas of civil engineeringSoftware Engineer DegreeEducationDegreeSource.com/Free_Info100%Online Master Degree Software Engineering for busy Programmers Seismic Design Groupwww.SeismicDesignGroup.comSeismic Bracing Engineering Commercial Non-Structural Trades Ads by Googl e* The Roles of Civil And Military Engineer in Ancient Times As stated above, civil engineering is considered to be the first main discipline of engineering, and the engineers were in fact military engineers with expertise in military and civil works. During the duration of battles or operations, the engineers were engaged to assist the soldiers fighting in the battlefield by making catapults, towers, and other instruments apply for fighting the enemy. However, during peace time, they were concerned mainly with the civil activities such as building fortifications for defense, making bridges, canals, etc.* Civil Engineering in the 18th twentieth CenturyUntil the recent era, there was no major(ip) difference between the terms civil engineering and architecture, and they were often used interchangeably. It was in the 18th century that the term civil engineering was firstly used independently from the term military engineering. The first private college in the United States that incl uded Civil Engineering as a separate discipline was Norwich University constituted in the year 1819. Civil engineering societies were formed in United States and European countries during the 19th century, and similar institutions were established in other countries of the world during the twentieth century. The American Society of Civil Engineers is the first national engineering society in the United States. In was founded in 1852 with members related to the civil engineering employment located globally. The number of universities in the world that include civil engineering as a discipline have increased tremendously during the 19th and the 20th centuries, indicating the importance of this technology.* Modern Concepts In Civil EngineeringNumerous technologies have assisted in the advancement of civil engineering in the modern world, including advanced machinery, selection of materials, test equipment, and other sciences. However, the most prominent contributor in this field is considered to be computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacture (CAM). Civil engineers use this technology to achieve an efficient system of construction, including manufacture, fabrication, and erection. Three-dimensional design software is an essential tool for the civil engineer that facilitates him in the efficient designing of bridges, tall buildings, and other wide complicated structures. *http//www.thecivilengg.com/History.phpCIVIL ENGINEERING (CE)Overall Focus Public works/infrastructure and buildings/structures. Note Given the number of potential applications, Civil Engineering is a very broad discipline. Primary Areas of Specialization1. Construction Management (combining engineering and management skills to complete construction projects designed by other engineers and architects). 2. Environmental Engineering (see separate entry) 3. Geotechnical Engineering (analysis of soils and rock in support of engineering projects/applications building foundations, ear then structures, underground facilities, dams, tunnels, roads, etc) 4. Structural Engineering (design of all types of stationary structures buildings, bridges, dams, etc.) 5. Surveying (measure/ interpret the earths surface in support of engineering design and construction projects and for legal purposes locating property lines, etc.)6. Transportation Engineering (design of all types of transportation facilities/systems streets/highways, airports, railroads, other mass transit, harbors/ports, etc.). 7. Water Resources Engineering (control and use of water, focusing on flood control, irrigation, raw water supply, and hydroelectric power applications)http//groups.yahoo.com/group/AR001_ARCHCRUZ/files/3.%20LETTERING/

Upton Sinclair “The Jungle” Essay Example for Free

Upton Sinclair The Jungle EssayUpton Sinclair was a powerhouse of a writer, churning out 90 unuseds, 30 plays and countless articles, stories and pamphlets during his long life. In 1906, he gained fame and became a rich earth after the publication of the muckraking The Jungle, a novel about the horrors of the Chicago meatpacking industry. The book helped convince congress to pass the first-year Pure Food and Drug Act later that year. (Sinclair 1906) Nowadays mass live in the world of economics and many mess are thriving whereas many others are trying to dig through difficulties. Such struggle for survival was constant throughout the history of all societies. Sinclairs novel The Jungle is one of the examples of such struggle penetrating into the conflicts of socialism, capitalism, natural selection and American dream. The novel involves readers into a excursion of recent Lithuanian immigrants to America. It is seen that this journey expands anew world full of unexpected a nd awful events. (Sinclair 1906)Immigrants have to come to American where in the early twentieth century it was said that any man willing to work an honest day would make a living and could support his family. (Sinclair 1906) Sinclair telling his story stimulates reader to die symbolic war against capitalism. It is unornamented that Sinclair really disguises the very idea of capitalism presenting his idea throughout the novel from cover to cover. Capitalism in the novel is personified in the Jurgis desire to work, to earn more than money as well as in the corruption of the man at the highest levels of society, etc.(Sinclair 1906) It is obvious that the symbols of capitalism and socialism are seen from the very start of the novel as they are constantly interrelated with the novel progression. Firstly, the author depicts the identity of Lithuanians considering they have the same values such as getting intoxicated and dancing. Sinclair makes to feel sympathy for those people as th ey try to preserve and follow traditions which they have brought with them from their native land. For example, everybody had his feeling of everything and strangers were always welcomed and warmly treated.In such a way the author introduces the concept of socialism meaning that everybody is equal in society. Actually the author tries to present socialism as the resolution to hi novel. Sinclair illustrates prosecute of the workers in Packingtown as the unfairness of capitalism. People were persuaded 5o join socialistic movement due to promised improvements in working conditions. When the main heroes Jurgis and Ona took a good luck for the first time, Jurgis said Tomorrow, I will go there and get a Job, and then we can have a place of our own.(Sinclair 1906) Jurgis is the representative of capitalism he is longing to work in the plant considering it is the that way to make decent living and his poverty is the main driving force. However, it bore no fruits. The next two ideas invo lved into novel are concepts of social Darwinism or natural selection and American dream. Upton Sinclair introduced the idea of natural selection into his novel illustrating that only the best suited were able to survive in that environment and weak had to die off. The example is the prevalence of corruption in the town.American Dream is scarcely ridiculed throughout the story. Sinclair provided the main hero with a strong character having good morals and willing to work hard for family survival. Actually American Dream is bodied in Jurgis I will work harder. (Sinclair 1906) It is a matter of fact that capitalism is strongly criticized by Upton Sinclair throughout the novel. The author made an attempt to guide the misery of capitalism leading immigrants through awful working conditions, unfair social attitude and treatment, impossibility to adapt to new world.It is apparent that Upton tried to open a door to new way of living so-called socialism. The impact of the Sinclairs nov el on the public is strong and it is possible to suggest the novels function is to serve as the propaganda against capitalism. Upton Sinclair wanted people to have equal job opportunities and better living conditions. He understood the difficulties of poor people and thus he always criticized unfairness in society.ReferencesSinclair, Upton (1906) The Jungle. New York Doubleday, Page.

Convergence-towards-ifrs-in-malaysia-issues-challenges-and-opportunities Essay Example for Free

Convergence-towards-ifrs-in-malaysia-issues-challenges-and-opportunities EssayIn the year 2008 the then Malayan Accounting Standard bills (MASB) chairman, Dato Zainal Abidin Putih, announced that Malaysia testament be converging with International Accounting Standard Board (IASB)s International fiscal Reporting Standard (IFRS). From that time period onwards many initiatives were lined up by MASB and the Malaysian Institute of Accountants (MIA) in order to educate, train and inform all the relevant stakeholders in in tandem with fast approaching deadline to converge, which is for the earliest year-end monetary reporting date, 31 December 2012. On 19 November 2011, MASB issued the third accounting mannikin to be employ in Malaysia and this new accounting framework that is IFRS-compliant is dubbed as Malaysian Financial Reporting Standards framework (MFRS). The issuance of MRFS is vital to show and prove the Malaysian loyalty and in addition it becomes a solid guideline fo r all entities that be administered by Securities Commission of Malaysia and the convergency begin on or later(prenominal) 1 January 2012.Historically, Malaysian accounting standards have always closely followed the former International Accounting Standards (IAS) and the current IFRS. This is due to the colonisation effect on Malaysia, where Malaysia was a British village up to the year 1957 and many of the accounting standards applied in the fall in Kingdom has always made its way to be adopted by the Malaysian standard setters authorities and regulators.As Mohammad Faiz Azmi utter in forums that the Malaysian story of convergence has been a slow and steady approach and this phased-in approach even though slower is expected to put Malaysian entities in a better position as the problems and challenges faced by Malaysian companies are far oft reduced compared to other countries that adopted the big bang approach, for example the South Koreans, where the accounting standard set ters and regulators in South Korea agreed on full credence of IFRS (Nazatul Izma, 2009 Suh, 2011) ACCOUNTING FRAMEWORKS IN MALAYSIACurrently Malaysian entities are subject to three sets of accounting frameworks, the first accounting framework is the old Financial Reporting Standards framework (FRS), next is the Private Entity Reporting Standards framework (PERS) and finally the Malaysian Financial Reporting Standards framework (MFRS). All these three frameworks are legally approved frameworks by MASB and can be applied by entities in Malaysia but subject to the type of entity. The three types of frameworks are outlined and discussed below.MFRS framework is to be applied by all entities other than private entities for annual periods stem on or after 1 January 2012. Private entities are private companies which are incorporated chthonic the Companies Act 1965, that are not itself containd to prepare or lodge any monetary statements under any law administered by the Securities Comm ission Malaysia or Bank Negara Malaysia. Private entities are also not subsidiaries or associates of or jointly controlled by an entity which is required to prepare or lodge any financial statements under any law administered by the securities Commission Malaysia or Bank Negara Malaysia.However Transitioning Entities are excluded from haveing MFRS and these Transitioning Entities are entities that are in the scope of MFRS 141 for Agriculture (equivalent to IAS 41) and IC Interpretation 15 for Agreement for Construction of legitimate Estate, (equivalent to International Financial Reporting Interpretations Committee (IFRIC) 15) including its parent, significant investor and venture. These Transitioning Entities have an option to either apply the MFRS framework or the old FRS framework, but this leeway is only allowed for one year, as these Transitioning Entities need to apply the MFRS framework byPage 43 International Journal of Business, Economics and Law, Vol. 1 ISSN 2289-1552 20 12 annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2013 at the latest (Nazatul Izma, 2009 KPMG, 2011 Accountants Today 2012 Ganespathy, 2012 Jebaratnam, 2012). PERS framework is to be applied only by private entities but these private entities have an option to apply MFRS framework for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2012.If the private entities choose to apply MFRS framework and these entities are in the scope of MFRS 141 for Agriculture (equivalent to IAS 41) and IC Interpretation 15 for Agreement for Construction of Real Estate, (equivalent to IFRIC 15), thence known as Transitioning Entities, they have the choice to either apply MFRS framework or FRS framework, but these freedom is applicable up to 31 December 2012, as these entities need to revert to MFRS framework for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2013 (Accountants Today, 2012Jebaratnam, 2012). FRS framework which is the Malaysian sport of IAS, which has been the main accounting standards frame work for nonprivate entities before the introduction of MFRS framework can be applied only by Transitioning Entities, but as stated earlier, such entities need to revert to MFRS framework for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2013 (Accountants Today, 2012 Jebaratnam, 2012) ISSUES AND CHALLENGES IN FULL ADOPTION OF IFRS IN MALAYSIAMFRS 1 covers issues pertaining to First-Time Adoption of Malaysian Financial Reporting Standards and the transition date stated in MFRS 1 is the beginning of the earliest period for which an entity presents a full proportional information under MFRSs in its first MFRS based statements. Following the requirement of MFRS 1, MFRS 101 on Presentation of Financial Statements requires reporting entities to present three Statements of Financial Position and two Statement of Comprehensive Income, Statements of Changes in Equity and Statement of Cash Flows each.MFRS also dictates that entities need to present statement of financial position as at the beginning of the comparative financial year, in that respectfore reporting entities requires their financial statements to be prepared based on the requirement of MFRS from the financial year beginning on and after 1 January 2010, or otherwise be very cautious to make retrospective restatements and/or reclassify items in all the financial statements and notes to accounts and the transition date would be on or after 1 January 2011.The expectation is that the entities are able to present MFRS compliant financial statements come the year-end financial reporting on 31 December 2012, which may become an issue, if these entities are not MFRS ready (Accountants Today, 2012).Another challenge for full adoption of IFRS in Malaysia is that under MFRS 1, whenever the cost of traceing with MFRS exceeds the benefits to the users of financial statements and also if retrospective application would mean that judgement by management of a known transaction is required, IASB would grant exemptions a nd therefore this would create unlevel playing field amongst non-private entities in Malaysia that are supposed to apply MFRS framework as the criterion for full-adoption.To ensure that the reporting entities in Malaysia are MFRS compliant, these entities should set a comprehensive, thorough and detailed examination of the readiness of their entity in becoming MFRS compliance to avoid any investigation by the authority due to non-compliance after the grace period for full adoption is over.If Malaysia ends up trimming its MFRS as a convergence framework that can be adapted to fit the topical anaesthetic conditions and not a one size fits all set of standards, because a full adoption forces countries to surrender their sovereignty, then Malaysia will have serious issues and will face difficulties to be endorsed as a country that compliances to full IFRS adoption (Nazatul Izma, 2009). But as it is evident, MFRS 141 and IC 15 for Transitioning Entities is an exception given to such en tities to comply to full IFRS adoption by reverting to MFRS framework for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2013.Even though the IAS 41 assumption that fair value can be measured for biological assets was an issue, but this sort of issues should be communicated clearly to the practitioners and this is where the education and training of the practitioners is key for a sure-fire full adoption of IFRS. For example MFRS 141 (IAS 41) disagreement with IASB need to be entirely made clear to the Malaysian practitioners, as IASB currently have agreed to discover palm oil tree as a non current asset and not as an inventory (Nazatul Izma, 2009).One of the most common perceived advantages of convergence to IFRS is the possibility of increased foreign direct investment (FDI) (Gardiner, 2000 Christiansen, 2002), but as of 2010, report on the most attractive FDI destinations, the worlds highest FDI receivers are China, United States of America and India, of which none have converg ed to IFRS. Therefore, the notion that IFRS convergence will attract FDI is not valid, and this so called advantage cannot be applied to entice countries to adopt IFRS for financial reporting of their entities.IFRSs for SME is another reason to ponder on the real plausibility of full adoption of IFRS. If MASB chooses to adopt IFRS for SMEs to replace PERS, than we will have another version of diluted IFRS as a framework within the Malaysia accounting scenario. Dr Paul Pacter, the board member and chairman of the SME implementation group, mentioned that almost topics in the IFRS were omitted from the IFRS for SMEs, due to its irrelevancy and also due to the fact that the diluted version will be a simpler option for the SMEs to apply (Nazatul Izma, 2010).The IFRS for SMEs were simplified on the recognition and measurement and the disclosures were also reduced. Brian Blood, the Chief Executive of Confederation of Asian and Pacific Accountants (CAPA) mentioned that the IFRS for SMEs w ere developed to assist SMEs to prepare and present high quality and timely financial statements and information. Other benefits of SMEs applying the IFRS for SMEs are that the financial reporting is done in a consistent manner and not too expensive to prepare (Nazatul Izma, 2010).Having said all that, the fact is that there is a different set of IFRS for SMEs, therefore, it does not allow for full adoption, but maybe just a innocent convergence. James Sylph, the executive director, Professional Standards and external Relations of International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) in a forum in 2012, strongly advocated that national accounting standard setters authorities and regulators should move away from the mere concept of convergence to a more profound notion of full-adoption. Page 44 International Journal of Business, Economics and Law, Vol. 1 ISSN 2289-1552 2012Mohammad Faiz Azmi, MASB chairman, indicated that Malaysia will not require the IFRS for SMEs to avoid an underconver ged version used by SMEs due to the lack of human resources to implement new IFRS based regulations therefore MASB is still uncertain about how barely they should deal with the issue related to SME and IFRS (Nazatul Izma, 2010) MASB together with MIA will have to look into the issue of the readiness of the Malaysian education system to deliver enough educate accountants that are IFRS savvy, as a full IFRS adoption can be burdensome and the human capital need to be created to fulfill this need.Mohammad Faiz Azmi mentioned that MASB is working with enforcers to ameliorate the Financial Reporting Act (1997) to allow making amendments to accounting standards in Malaysia if there are any substantial issues that MASB disagrees with IASB (Nazatul Izma, 2009). This again will give some space for MASB for not to adopt the full adoption of IFRS as there will be some possible avenue to make changes in the IFRS provided by IASB.Companies Act 1965 and Financial reporting Act 1997 are the two most important acts pertaining financial statements reporting in Malaysia. The directors are supposed to be accountable for the preparation and presentation of a true and fair set of financial statements of reporting entities and these directors should be aware and be sure that their entities are IFRS ready.

Effect of Rural Urban Cultural Differences

Effect of Rural Urban Cultural Differences three-fold acquaintance is a new conceit devised by Gardener. . To replace the narrow view of news, the emergence of three-fold inelegance theory make us feel that every individual has octuple talents. Focus these age is on designing readingal experiences for the students that demonstrate and explore that how smart they atomic number 18 in the synergistic environs of a community of learner as they play in the new century. And as described earlier the collaboration between eco pellucid factors and MI washstand build a new theory in the ara of psychological science and education. Every i living in this world is having its unique qualities. Psychology c alls its Individual Difference and Philosophy calls it Natural Endowments. Every learner has its pace, speed, likings, disliking in course of development. A somebody learns best when taught in the way he or she can best perceive the things to be learned. A person can be to the hig hest degree successful in a profession when the same is according to his or her abilities and interest .Each student has the capabilities to activate all the eight identified light but these scholarships may be certain in assorted degrees within each individual.(Elliot et al 1999).As tenders, our life is determined and influenced by various dimensions a biological inheritance and physical appearance that distinguish us from other living beings a psychological make-up which determines our mental, emotional, linguistic, behavioral and good aspects a social need which affects all aspects of our existence and lifestyle and a spiritual dimension which helps us to distinguish right and wrong. (Motah, 2006) The most important and most prized possession is intelligence, yet it is a concept that evens the most intelligent people has non been able to agree on (Santrock, 2000).An individuals spheres of knowledge atomic number 18 not developed within an internal cognitive vacuum, unt ouched by the objects, persons and events in ones environment. The different domains and disciplines valued by different shades exert a tremendous influence all over how ones intelligences develop, and to what extent they argon mobilized.Gardner defines intelligence not in terms of raw capacity or mastery, but asthe index to solve problems, or to create products, that are valued within one or more cultural shots(2004, xxiv).Each cultural setting in its interactions with the individual tries to promote the individuals ability in its favourite(a) domain. By contrast, environmental settings can also shape the individual concepts and attitudes in an active controlling way. (Goodnow 1990)Environment exerts a great influence on the cognitive abilities of a person. Intelligence will flourish in an individuals life as the result of a dynamic interaction between his or her biology (genes), psychology (family environment) and cultural context (favorable or unfavorable historical epoch). Intelligence begins and develops in a socio-cultural context. Vygotsky (1978) believed that all higher cognitive processes develop out of social interaction. overdue to social, cultural and economic fights thither are differences in developmental traits among individuals .Environment is considered to be a vital point in MI theory. Gardener defines intelligence not in terms of raw capacity or mastery, but as the ability to solve problems or to create products that are valued within one or more culture settings. at that place is a major difference between sylvan and urban environment, although the basic developmental principles are universal and meet consistent course. Human ecological perspective stresses the importance of understanding relationship between many a(prenominal) aspects of socio-cultural world. In his theory environment is considered as a series of compact structures that extend beyond the home, school and neighborhood setting in which the individuals spend their day life.Most of the population (70%) is still residing in arcadian India. in that respect is lot of socio-cultural differences between photo, facilities, instructional activities, etc., among rural and urban setting. Societys culture, tradition and value system infiltrates to influence through interactions with the environment of the environment is regarded as having a efficacious impact on the development. Society is a web of human relationship. We interact with others, meet so many people, be meet according to social norms and social environment and this social environment either it is rural or urban affects intelligence of any human being. The social setting in which the growth of a barbarian takes place, type of surroundings, culture, habits, word picture, etc., all these have a direct or indirect influence upon ones emerging abilities. Societys culture, tradition and value system infiltrates to influence through interactions with the environment. In this way, the enviro nment serves as Cultural Amplifier (Bruner, 1960), amplifying cultural practices (like written language) and values (like appreciation of art). Thus, subject is amplified when a person actually uses tools supplied by culture (Cole and Griffin, 1980). Such experiences can evoke resonance (Kornhaber et al., 1990) in the child, reinforcing his emerging abilities. Gardner (1983) environments can give children selective exposure to different domains. The Mexican children born to potter families have substantial exposure to clay and related activitiesResearches over the last few decades have shown that human development is a process of interaction between biological and environmental factors. The environmental science of human development involves scientific piece of work of the progressive and mutual accommodation between an active growing human being and the changing properties of the immediate setting in which the developing person lives, as this process is affected by relations bet ween the setting and by the large contents in which the settings are embedded Brofenbrenner, 1979). Initially, most theories of intelligence whether singular or multiple have assumed that intelligences are simply biological entities or potentials, which exist in the guide on and in the brain and can be measured reliably independent of content. These days concepts of multiple intelligence are one approach around which educators have begun to focus their efforts. Gardner proposed the theory of Multiple Intelligence and challenged old beliefs about what it means to be smart. Its now how smart you are, its how you are smart? Gardner (1999) defined intelligence as bio psychological potential to process information that can be activated in a cultural setting to solve problems or create products that are of value in a culture. Multiple intelligence theory feels us that every individual has multiple talents. Focus these days is on designing educational experiences for students that demonst rate and explore how they are smart in the synergistic environment of a community of learners. Gardner argues that intelligence is not some static reality hardened at birth and measured well by standardise tasteing. Instead, intelligence is a dynamic, ever growing reality that can be expanded in ones life through eyelid intelligences (1) linguistic (words), (2) logical mathematical (numbers), (3) spatial (pictures), (4) medicinal drugal (musical photometric), (5) bodily-pin esthetic (movement), (6) interpersonal (people), (7) intrapersonal (self), (8) realistic (flora fauna). Multiple Intelligence incorporates the broad spectrum of human abilities into eight-fold system that can make any person a winner in life.Now it is a debate on this specific issue that is there any world-shattering effect of socio cultural setting on different dimensions of multiple intelligence. Rural youth is in doubts where he stands. So this is the time when family should recognize their strong mult iple intelligence and factors which influence their multiple intelligence, to learn new things in his or her own way and pursue interest and conduct future profession which required that particular intelligence considering the importance of multiple intelligence, an idea was conceptualized to find out multiple intelligence among school going children of 12-14 years old in rural and urban world of Haryana with the objective of comparing the multiple intelligence among children in rural and urban vault of heavens. When we talk about adolescents, earlyish(a) adolescence is very crucial period of life, whether it is physical, socio-emotional, psychological or educational development, all are on the peak during this phase. This is the time when foundations of future professional settlement are laid. A person can be most successful in a profession when the profession is according to his or her abilities and interests.Review of LiteratureAlkhateeb and Jumaa (2002) investigated the ef fect of cooperative learning on eighth grade students performance in algebra. Boys in the cooperative setting improved largely on the performance test compared with boys in the traditional setting. Chong (2004) investigated the exposures to the instructional activities, involving socio-cognitive techniques, showed a positive impact on the self- strength and self-regulation in the academic domain but not on aspects of self-concept, social efficacy and social regulation, suggesting that socio-cultural variables may be more amenable to change. Manocha (2003) also found that micro, meso and exo takes are significantly correlated with the concept development among rural children. Furnham et al. (1999) report that there were both significant cultural and sex difference in the estimation of overall own MI scores. Furnham et al. (2002) found clear cultural and gender differences in degrees of multiple intelligence of people with all the participants rating their fathers and brothers nume rical intelligence higher and verbal intelligence lower than that of their mothers and sisters .Ramanathan (1994) indicated that the mean IQ scores declined consistently with increase of birth order in rural as well as urban areas. Brofenbrenner (1989) stated that people in a particular culture or subculture often share broad based beliefs that are different from other cultures. For example, values and attitudes of children growing in an urban setting differ from those of rural setting. RICCIUTI et al. (1990) found that the interaction effects of low birth weight ( LBW) and social risk associated with fathers absence increased the likelihood of cognitive impairment in the early years of life.Silver et al. (2000) in the face of increasing cultural diversity, educators need new ways of understanding how children think. Educators at all grade levels and in all content areas should implement a holistic learning programme that seamlessly integrates learning styles and multiple intelligen ces into instruction, curriculum and assessment. Teachers should help students become more reflective and self-aware learners. at that place is a strong cultural bias that undervalues sewing and relegates it to handedness instead of the loffier headedness. Cheng (1999) more often, creativity is discussed in the literature as if it is culture free. Only in the recent years has the cultural aspect of creativity been studied explicitly of late, cultural difference in creativity has not only been expressed through conceptual discourse but also investigated empirically. Li and Shallcross (1992) compared the creative problem solving behavior of Chinese and American elementary and high school students and reported differences in approach to the nine-dot problem. Evidently, researches are now more consciously aware that culture can and does play a role in the development of creativity. Pearson (1998) multiple intelligences theory endorses a group of propositions many teachers have always b elieved. We are not all the same we do not have the same kinds of minds and education works most effectively if these differences are taken into account rather than denied or ignored.From the above discussion, it can be concluded that there is a great need to study different socio-cultural, rural-urban setting as mentioned in the review that IQ scores are influenced by rural-urban set-up.Research MethodologySample surface Two schools from each district i.e. Sirsa and Hisar were selected. From each school, 40 respondents were taken purposively to meet the sample size of 160 respondents. Age was considered 12-14 years as per requirement of the standardized scale used in study.Exploratory cum Descriptive design is usedResearch Instruments A well developed and modified standardized Multiple Intelligence Assessment Tool by Gurpreet Kaur and Chhikara (2006) was used. Minor modifications were done before the use of scale.Objectives The very objective of the research paper is to compare th e different types multiple intelligence among school going children in rural and urban areaHypothesisThere is no significant difference in linguistic intelligence of rural urban children.There is no significant difference in logical mathematical intelligence of rural urban children.There is no significant difference in musical intelligence of rural urban children.There is no significant difference in bodily kinesthetic intelligence of rural urban children.There is no significant difference in Visual spatial intelligence of rural urban children.There is no significant difference in interpersonal intelligence of rural urban children.There is no significant difference in naturalistic intelligence of rural urban children.There is no significant difference in intrapersonal intelligence of rural urban children.Results and DiscussionsLinguistic intelligence Linguistic intelligence is the intelligence of words. This is the intelligence of journalists, storytellers, poet, lawyer, etc.The s ignificance of differences between mean scores of rural and urban area was tried by the T test. Table shows that significant differences were observed in the mean scores of rural and urban areas adolescents in linguistic (t=2.48*),Language plays a major role in manifestation of educational status. Language is used both as a means of expression as well as communication (Choudhary, 2005).The surrounding world furthermore in our rural Haryana when insisting the children meet casual responsibilities, mothers of sons more often pair control with autonomy granting Whereas in urban areas situation is far better. No gender discrimination as compared to rural area was found, and this is the factor which leads in linguistic intelligence of urban area adolescents than rural area. Significant results were obtained.Logical mathematical intelligence Logical mathematical intelligence is the intelligence of numbers and logic. This is the intelligence of the scientist, accountant, computer progra mmer, etc.Results depicted in the table showed rural adolescents higher mean scores on logical mathematical intelligence as compared to urban adolescents. Non-significant association was observed by adolescents, an overall difference in mathematical abilities in rural and urban area exists (Bielinski and Davison, 1998 Lin and Hyde, 1989). A study conducted to check achievement in mathematical and language shows students were better in maths and language in a multigrade school (Chandrasekhar and Santosh Kumari, 2006). melodic intelligence Musical intelligence is the capacity to perceive, appreciate and produce rhythms and melodies. This is the intelligence of musicians or singers, music teacher, musical copyist, instrument maker, lyricist, etc.Musical intelligence was slightly higher in urban area than rural area adolescents. This was due to interest taken by parents and facilities provided by parents of urban areas. Often in urban area reading, recite art and music are regarded a s more important for children e particularly for girls whereas in rural area mathematics, atheletics and mechanical skills are considered more important (Eccles et al., 1990 Jacobs and Weisz, 1994.For music girls are usually found to be more interested in music than boys and are seen discussing about music in their free time with their friends. In our rural society, music and dance are considered more to be feminist traits, although girls are also not encouraged to take it as a profession (Andre et al., 1999 Freedman-Doan et al., 2000). bodily kinesthetic Bodily kinesthetic intelligence is the intelligence of the physical self. It includes talent in controlling ones body movement and also in handling objects skillfully. This is the intelligence of athletes, crafts people, mechanics, surgeons, etc.In bodily kinesthetic and visual spatial intelligence and intrapersonal urban area adolescents leaded whereas in interpersonal, naturalistic and logical-mathematical intelligence, rural a rea adolescents had slightly higher mean value.Visual spatial intelligence Spatial intelligence involves thinking ink pictures and images and ability to perceive transform and recreate different aspects of visual spatial world. This is the intelligence of architect, photographers, artists, pilots, mechanical engineers, etc.Visual spatial intelligence was higher in urban areas as compared to rural area. There is significant difference observed in the mean scores of rural and urban areas adolescents in visual spatial (2.31*).In urban area there is much exposure in children due to mass media entertainment inputs and various modern facilities in the form of T.V, computers, internet and other electrical gadgets where visual spatial intelligence may achieve greater mean score in urban children.Naturalistic intelligence Naturalistic intelligence is the intelligence of nature personal strong in this displays empathy, recognition, and understanding for the living and natural things (plants, animals, geology, etc.). It is the intelligence of a farmer, scientist and animal caretakers.There is no significant difference was found in naturalistic intelligence in urban and rural area. Because nature has given us natural qualities which is crowned in every human being.Interpersonal intelligence Interpersonal intelligence is the ability to understand people. In particular, it requires a capacity to perceive and the responsiveness to the moods, temperaments, intensions and desires of the others. This is the intelligence of administrators, manager, school principal, psychologist, etc. There is significant difference was foundIntrapersonal intelligence Intrapersonal intelligence is the intelligence of inner self. A person strong in this kind of intelligence can easily access his/her own feelings, discriminate between many different kinds of inner emotional status and uses his/her understanding to enrich and guide his/her life. This is the intelligence of a counselor, theologia ns, self-employed business people, etc.The results from rural and urban Maharashtra revealed the level of emotional intelligence as low and independent irrespective of gender, area and age (Tyagi, 2004). Significant results were obtained in linguistic, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, visual special and interpersonal, whereas non-significant in logical mathematical, naturalistic and intrapersonal intelligence. The study revealed the difference among rural and urban multiple intelligence, so hypothesis is rejected. The significance of differences between mean scores of rural and urban area was tested by the T test. Table shows that significant differences were observed in the mean scores of rural and urban areas adolescents in linguistic (t=2.48*), musical intelligence (-5.96**), logical mathematical (1.63NS) kinesthetic (2.7**), visual spatial (2.31*), interpersonal (5.50**) and in the intrapersonal (0.44NSIn case of multiple intelligence there is always need attention which requires sp ecial attention both by parents as well as teachers for adolescents belonging to rural and urban area. Adolescents who have more potential in particular aspect, if they are encouraged and motivated, they can be able to recognize their potential and can reach the stage of maximum ability of their talent in particular field.Suggestions and educational ImplicationsBy finding peoples intelligence in different aspects, they can become famous people in their field like Dhoni (bodily kinesthetic), Abhijeet Sawant (musical intelligence), Mandira Bedi (interpersonal intelligence), Osho (intrapersonal intelligence), Vishwanathan Anand (logical mathematical intelligence), M.F. Hussain (visual spatial intelligence), Ayn Rand (linguistic intelligence) and Saleim Ali (Naturalistic intelligence). fill is to educate parents and teachers about the multiple intelligence of adolescents irrespective of area. Because adolescence is the age when people start utilizing their talent and interest in particu lar field and start aim it as a career/profession. Thus this is the time when parents should identify talent of their children and should start planning for their education in the particular field. So that their adolescents can by and by enter into that particular career in field of their choice. Educating parents about multiple intelligence can be a key component of school success. It should be started in schools as students parents are not aware of multiple intelligence (Hoerr, 2002).

The Growth Development And Industrial Policy Economics Essay

The ontogeny Development And industrial Policy scotchs Essay1. Economic appendage is the increase of per capita gross domestic product (GDP) or other measure of aggregate income, typically reported as the annual rate of variety show in real GDP. Economic suppuration is primarily driven by improvements in productivity, which involves producing much than goods and services with the same inputs of labor, capital, energy and materials. Economists draw a billet between short-term scotchal stabilization and long-term sparing growth. The topic of stintingal growth is primarily concerned with the long run. The short-run variation of economic growth is termed the business cycle. The rate of economic growth is measured by the percentage increase in output over a 12 calendar month period.Governments aim to achieve high levels of stable economic growth over the long term avoiding occurances such as recessions and periods of excessive short term growth which can non be sustained. The bunk in Britain, and throughout a large portion of the world at the moment, is a good example of how stable growth was non maintained. By not maintaing a constant level of aggregate requirement, fluctuations will occur, moving the circular flow of income from a recount of equilibirum to a state of disequilibrium this is a natural occurance within an economy, as a rise in aggregate demand demonstrates Economic Growth and vice versa. Unemployment will overly fall in relation to growth, inflation rates argon likely to rise, with the gap between exports and imports narrowing as consumer demand for less expensive forgein produced products increases and demand for domestically produced goods decreases.Benefits of GrowthIncreased levels of consumptionAvoidance of macroeconomic problemsRedistri neverthelession of income to the poorGreater societal care for the environmentIn theory Growth should solve large number happier as income will be more(prenominal) evenly distributed, meanin g everyone has more funds to spend, improving quality of life the down side is that this whitethorn not rattling happen, and none of the above improvements may actually occur.Costs of GrowthOpportunity cost of growthGrowth may simply generate extra demandSocial personal puts and Enviornmental costsShortage of Non-Renewable resources fossil fuels and minerals e.g.Distribution of Income rich get richer, poor get poorer?Changes in production people with basic skills may find they are no longer required, so without further education of training my no longer be employable.Should countries pursue their goals of economic growth? This is a decision to be made in relation to the benefits and costs involved, i.e. each countries situation will be different and their can be no difinitive yes or no answer.Economic organizement in its simplest form is the creation of economic wealth for all citizens within the diverse layers of society so that all people endure access to potential increa sed quality of life. Job creation, economic output and increase in measureable basis are the most normal measurement tools.Structural transformation, improving the quality and productivity of resources and improving the standard of spirit of a nations population, through sustained growth from a simple, low-income economy to a modern, high-income economy, are desireable goals for any government to find out and achieve. Improving quality of life in turn relates to improving economic development would be enhanced, including the process and policies by which a nation enhances the economic, political, and social easily-being of its people.2.Public insurance policy generally aims at continuous and sustained economic growth and expansion of national economies so that developing countries become developed countries. The economic development process supposes that legal and institutional adjustments are made to give incentives for innovation and for investments so as to develop an effic ient production and distribution system for goods and services.http//schumpeter2006.org/blog/2006/12/20/definition-of-economic-development/In relation to developing countries, Economic Development can be interpret in both a positive and negative manner. For example, the government of Sri Lanka has been consistant in their attempts to push the country to struggleds economic development since the 1970s. Many different approaches have been taken, but a common theme of free grocery principles and structutal reform have been successful in keeping the plans for growth and development on track. Of course, there have been fluctuations these are fundamental for any country, let alone those in the developing world, pursuing such goals. Set backs such as political pressures, involving civil war and forgein investment, as well as a massive drought, have been hugely influential in the path of the countries progress. However, as a result of perseverance and a setting realistic short term goals , the successive governments have been fortunate to see positive developments, especially since 2002 when a ceasefire was signed between the government and subversive groups and the drought which has hampered development ended, allowing reliable power sources to be restored and the agricultural industry to lower their prices. Working in conjunction with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) more targets were set for the 2003-2006 time period. Along with the new laws which were introduced, concerning areas such as evaluate and welfare reform, as well as investment deregulation, the country hope is to bring in lasting peace through relief, rehabilitation and reconstruction.The fluctuations observed over this time period show clear examples of the negative and positive sides of growth and development, for example, the social effects displayed through the cival unrest and the environmental costs created by the droughts. On a more positive note, it can be seen the the distribution of wealth is becoming more even as a result of the reforms instigated in 2003. A level of health care is provided for free midwifey care is one such service outright available, although round(prenominal) others such as blood transfusions are still very expensive. The government hope to influence and change this with their continued action through a number of key policies1) restoring fiscal sustainability, including raising revenues by 21/2% of GDP 2) implementing structural reforms mainly involving deregulation and privatization 3) creating opportunities for the poor to share more richly in the benefits of economic growth through improvements in infrastructure and education and 4) garnering resources for reconstruction, including though donor assistance and government investments.Like many other change nations of the West, the United Kingdom has sought to combine steady economic growth with a high level of employment, increased productivity, and continuing improvement in living s tandards. Attainment of these basic objectives, however, has been hindered since World War II by recurrent deficits in the balance of payments and by severe inflationary pressures. As a result, economic policy has chiefly had to be directed toward correcting these two underlying weaknesses in the economyThe buttoned-down government elected in 1979 sought to reduce the fictitious character of government in the economy by improving incentives, removing controls, reducing taxes, moderating the money supply, and privatizing several large state-owned companies. This policy was continued by succeeding Conservative governments into the 1990s. The election of a Labour government in 1997 did not reverse this trend. Indeed, privatization is now widely accepted by most of the Labour Party (with the exclusion of the dwindling numbers of the wing of the party with strong ties to trade unions).The most important issue facing Britain in the early 2000s was membership in the European Monetary Un ion (EMU). Labour Prime Minister Tony Blair decided to opt out of EMU at its inception in 1998 and has promised a referendum on British membership. The opposition Conservatives oppose abandoning the pound and have the support of a majority of the British population on the issue. In June 2003, the chancellor of the exchequer stated that Britain was not yet ready to enter the euro zone, which made a referendum in the current parliament unlikely, at least until a new government would be pose in 2005. The government in 2003 devoted its attention on the domestic front to improving such public services as health, education, and transportation.http//www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Europe/United-Kingdom-ECONOMIC-DEVELOPMENT.htmlIndustrial PolicyIndustrial policy is a government funded program that encourages the public and private sector to create new technology which in time leads to economic growth. This new technology can be used to create new industries within the given country which in ti me can lead to greater levels of employment. It can also be used to save an industry that may be outdated or failing.The government run these programs in many ways. matchless way they can do it is by funding a private organisation to carry out the research. This funding can be through tax breaks or the organisation could be a direct subsidiary to the government. The programs could also be government run this has less of an advantage as private organisations are usually in a better position to carry out this research.Does it work?Its not just established economic countries that have industrial policy either and it can be just as if not more important for newly formed industrial countries as well. This is due to the resources needed for economic growth, which at the start can be easy for a country to do. As it gets bigger it requires more and more resources in order to maintain this growth and without appropriate investment this would not be possible. The Korean government did this b y offering financial incentives and reduced tax to organisations setting up in the country, whilst this has worked well for them as a developing country, the practises are now banned by the WTO for developing countries and as such wouldnt help smaller countries in the same situation Korean was in some 40 years ago.Over the last few years with the recession damaging world economies it has been quite hard to limit between industrial policy and government bail outs. In the UK the government bailed out RBS as it knew that it would be fundamental in the progression in the countrys economy. simply just because a government invests money into an organisation doesnt necessarily mean that the company is fundamental in the development of that countrys economy. Take France for example in 2008 at the beginning of the recession a British born French toy company began to slowly slip, the country bailed the toy company, these actions would normally be associated with an organisation that in fund amental to the growth of the country, but they chose this to safe guard the jobs of some of their citizens. With this in mind we are going to look at examples where industrial policy is more obvious and whether opposed to some educated beliefs industrial policy does exist in the UK.A good example of industrial policy in many countries just now is energy. All across the world the focus is slowly shifting towards renewable energy. Government s are paying incredible sums of money to develop new ways of harnessing renewable energy as they know in the long run it will be essential to maintain their economic growth. A country that is investing massively in renewable energy is China, (The Economist, 2010) stated that over the next 10 China would invest nearly a trillion yen which equate to about 80 billion on nuclear power. This is done using a variety of state owned organisations i.e. banks and also through private organisations which are then government subsidised. The energy companies a re paid massive amounts of money to work creating this new technology. As well as this the Chinese government also made it a rule that any foreign companies wishing to trade in that market must give in technological secrets to the local electricity companies. This economic policy is what has allowed the Chinese electricity market to grown so quickly and will allow the energy market to continue to grow at its current rate.With all this success in industrial policy in the Far East and in Europe some would presume that Industrial Policy is a good thing but there are also arguments against Industrial policy, the main one looks closely at the length of time it takes for the country to get any real benefit out of their investment. This point is summarised by Mr E GLAESER of (THE NEW YORK TIMES, 2011), who says New industries dont grow on trees. They require years of investment and development, an educated workforce and an international market for those services. Thats why the administrati on is pushing green energy in the stimulus, offering tax credits for renewable energy and solar power, pushing for expanded community college enrolment, and talking about an export-driven recovery. This sounds smart. But it is the sort of public policy labour whose fruits rule be apparent for years. This is all quite fitting however as America have a track record in not having a very good Industrial Policy and one that is also heavily focused in out dated dirty energy.How does industrial policy effect the UK?Industrial Policy has slowly disappeared over the last couple of decades in the UK, as privatisation crept in under the Conservative Government in the 1980s the companies that were state owned and that Industrial policies has originally protected became privately owned. Since 1995 the shift has been from Industrial Policy towards more Rural and Urban policy. This is where the government breaks the country down into its constituencies to try and target its investment towards are as that require it most. It encourages organisations to open up and begin trading in these areas creating jobs and training opportunities for people living in these areas often suffering from triple levels of deprivation. Each area is looked at differently as no area is ever the same and where different forms of investment is required then that local council receives the money to try and combat this problem.Examples of how Rural or Regional Policy has improved the UK in the last 5 years can be seen in Glasgow with the province Games. The Scottish Government has given a lot of to regenerate the east end of Glasgow, this regional policy has boosted employment in the area and will make the area a more viable business location with improvements to transport links and a facelift for the surroundings. (Community Care, 2010) emphasises that as well as a20 million direct financial investment, the games will also created 1000 new jobs and also 1000 affordable homes in Glasgows east end.

The Importance of understanding break even analysis

The Importance of understanding wear down even synopsisFirst of all, production managers and management accountants acquire to kick in a clear understanding of break-even abridgment. This analysis is used as a general guideline for origin decision making and is important for a tally of reasons, including the ability to forecast the future cost and revenues and determine whether the business is making pull ahead or dismission, and also be able to develop a price strategy. The break-even analysis is based on marginal costing.2008. Business Basics. 3rd edn. Essex BPP publishing.The total cost of manufacturing or producing products or services is divided into two main move = fixed cost and variable costs. contumacious costs argon not directly related to the volume of production and should remain broadly constant piece of music variable costs vary directly with the production volume and change directly when the production volume changes. WWW. http//journal .au.edu/au-techno/2 007/JUL07/auJourna/Tech_article.09.pdf (20 November 2008)The Break-even tear (BEP) is the point at which income and spending are equal, and so neither a profit nor a loss is made. When calculating the break even point the total fixed costs are divided by the contribution per social unit. The contribution is the difference between the gross revenue revenues and the marginal cost of sales (variable costs).2008. Business Basics. 3rd edn. Essex BPP publishing.Fixed Costs (FC) = Fixed production overheads + Fixed administration overheads + fixed distribution overheadsFC = 200000 + 180000 + 120000 = 500000Variable costs (VC) = Direct materials + Direct reinforcement + Variable production overheadsVC = 350000 +50000 + 200000 = 600000VC per 1 unit = 600000 = 1250000SR = light speed0000 = 2050000Contribution = Sales revenue (SR) Variable costs (VC)Contribution = 20 12 = 8Break even point (BEP) = Fixed costs (FC)ContributionBEP = 500000 = 62500 units8Margin of safety (%) = 50000 62500 100 = -25%50000The business is left with 25% of their sales.Taking the role of the management accountant estimate each of the four alternatives.Pay Salespeople a 10 % commission, in anticipation of them sell more and the business reaching the break-even point.FC = 500000VC = 12 + 2 (10% commission of SR) = 14SR = 20Cont = 20 14 = 6BEP = 500000 = 83334 units6The original sales = 50000 units83334 50000= 33334 units33334 100 = 66.7%50000By choosing this option sales production and sales would need to extend by 33334 units. This means that the business needs to sell 66.7% of products more than were the original sales to meet the break-even point. The business should consider that if they increase the production the surplus storage warehouse may be needed so the stepped fixed costs will occur.This idea may be considered as an unrealistic. Especially now, the economic dally is affecting every kind of business and the companies need to be aware of what strategy are they personne l casualty to use in order to increase their sales. The get hold of for products is decreasing because people are aware of this economic situation. They are loosing their confidence to buy products. They prefer to buy only necessities. And also the business needs to be aware of what the competitors will do and how they will undergo the present situation.The management accountant should investigate some unpredictable situations.How does the business know that by stipendiary sales people a 10% commission, the business will reach break-even point? Is there a guarantee that the business will sell more?How can we predict that the invite for the products will increase?Reduce the sell price by 10% in anticipation of increasing sales by 30%. pass judgment sales = 50000 + 30% (15000) = 65000 unitsFC = 500000VC = 12SR = 20 20/10 = 18Contribution = 18 12 = 6BEP = 500000 = 83334 units6Profit/Loss = (65000 x 6) 500000 = 110000 lossMargin of safety (in units) = 65000 83334 = (18334) units Margin of safety (%) = (Expected sales breakeven sales) 100Expected salesMargin of safety (%) = (65000 83334) 100 = 18334 10065000 65000Margin of safety (%) = -0.2821 100 = (28.21 %)By reducing the selling price by 10% the sale should increase by 30%.The break-even analysis presents that even if we sell 15000 units more the business would be left with 18334 units which represents 28.21 % of the production. Reducing the selling price by 10% may be a solid pricing strategy that may increase customers imply for the product but even if we sell the expecting amount of units there will be a loss of 110000, and not just that a new warehouse may be needed because of the increased sales. The stepped fixed costs occur.The management accountant needs to come along for external factors which are affecting the demand for the product.Will this pricing strategy lead customers to buy more products?What the competitors will do? Will they decrease the selling price or will they invest money in improvements?Increase direct wage rates from 4 to 5 per hour as percentage of a productivity/pay deal. It is hoped that this will increase production and sales by 20%, but advertising costs would increase by 50000.Expected sales = 50000 + (20%) = 60000Direct wages = 200000 4 = 50000 hoursNew direct wages = 5 - 50000 = 250000FC = 250000 + 180000 +120000 = 550000VC = (350000 + 250000 + 50000) = 1350000SR = 20Contribution = 20 13 = 7BEP = 550000 = 78572 units7Profit/Loss = (60000 x 7) 550000 = 130000 lossMargin of safety (in units) = 60000 78572 = (18572) unitsMargin of safety (%) = (78572 60000) = 18572 x 100 = 31%60000 60000Increase of direct wages is a good motivation strategy which may increase the production by 20%. However this is not enough to cover the additional increase of wages and advertising costs. This scenario is clearly not a practicable option because the business will be left with 18572 units in the inventory and they will make a loss 130000 loss. In the presen t economic situation is very risky to invest in the advertising because there is no guarantee that the demand for the product will increase as people are buying the cheapest products and services.In anticipation to produce and sell more a new warehouse may be needed. This means that the stepped fixed cost will occur.Can the company deal with 130000 loss?What will the competitors do? Will they invest in the advertising or they will reduce the selling price?Increase sales by additional advertising of 300000, with an increased selling price of 20%, setting a profit margin of 10%.FC = 500000 + 300000 = 800000VC = 12SR = 20 + (20/10) - 2 = 24Contribution = 24 12 = 12BEP = 800000 = 66667 units12Margin of safety (%) = (73334 66667) 100 = 9.1%73334Sales Volume to achieve a target profit = Fixed cost + target profitContribution per unitSales Volume to achieve a target profit = 800000 + 80008 = 73334 units1273334 units need to be produced and sold in order to produce a profit of 10%.This op tion can be considered as the most prosperous of all 4 options. However the business needs to deliberate that the increase of selling price by 20% is very unsecure. Particularly now the market is very unstable and the companies should try to sell everything they have. Producing more products is very risky. There is no guarantee that the sales would be made. Everything depends on customers. Many examples could be used from news. For instance, sales of cars fell by 23% and people are not going to the restaurant for their meal, they are saving their money and buying only necessaries. The business needs to be aware that the demand for the products is decreasing and not increasing.Why they regard to produce more products?Also the business needs to be careful with the investment in adverting. The cost of advertising may be hard to cover.A positive thing is that if the company orders more material to produce more products, the suppliers may offer a discount.The business needs to take in status the competitors in the market and what they would do. Will they reduce the selling price or will they invest in advertising?The management accountant should investigate all the factors that may affect the demand for the product and watch the economic situation.What are the limitations of break-even analysis? Do these limitations invalidate it as a reliable business uninflected tool?The limitations of break-even analysisThe break-even analysis is based on forecasting and has a certain limitations which should be considered. It is not always possible to predict what will devolve on the market.The linear relationship is based on the presumption that costs remain constant. However this is not the case in practical market situations. The business may get some discount from its suppliers. Also the business can often reduce its selling price in order to increase its sales volume and this is an efficient strategy known as a non-linear relationship. Scarlett, R. 2007. Management Acc ounting Performance evaluation. Butterworth-HeinemannThe business need to bear in mind that if a production increases or decreases it may result in expansion or reduction of capacity. If the Henllys scenario is used, in each case there is an anticipation of increased sales and production and this means that a new warehouse may be needed. The stepped fixed costs occur and this situation result in multiple break even points. Wood, F. Sangster, A. Business Accounting 2, 2008, 11 edn. Essex Pearson Education Limited. Pg. 656.Apart from the situation described above the product mix need to be applied as well. Many organisations have more then one product or service and this can have an impact on the apportionment of fixed costs which can become arbitrary. Scarlett, R. 2007. Management Accounting Performance evaluation. Butterworth-HeinemannThe break-even analysis is internal and it is not used to consider the things like competition or market demand which means that the business shoul d use other analysis to watch what is happening on the market and what strategies are used by competitors.These limitations explained above invalidate our break-even analysis as a reliable business analytical tool.

Design Of A Psychological Experiment Essays -- essays research papers

Design of a Psychological ExperimentPsyc 100 (0110-0129) Fall,1996 Dr. SternheimReport 1 (10 points)Problem enunciate you are a psychologist who is interested in the effects ofcaffeine on the eye-hand coordination of students enrolled at UMCP. Design anexperiment to test the hypothesis that caffeine enhances a students might tohit a baseball. Describe your experiment by answering the following questions1) What are the independent and dependent variables? The independent variablewould be the caffeine. The results of the students hitting of the baseballwould be the dependent variable.2) What are the experimental conditions and what are the tasks for theexperimenter, the participants in your experiment, and any other people youmight ask to help? The experimental condit...