Essay --

Danah Boyd is a researcher at Microsoft Corporation, a research assistant professor at New York University, at Harvard Law School, and an associate professor at the University of New South Wales (Boyd, Danah, 2013). In the article limiting Classified Advertising Websites Helps Pimps and Human Traffickers, Danah Boyd writes about the damaging effect of censoring the Adult good section on the Craigslist website has provided a nonher avenue for human traffickers. Danah Boyds argument is directed towards law enforcement to realized that targeting Craigslist Adult Services section volition not halt the cycle of abuse in the Sex-Power Industry, but the main focus should be centered around other internet cites in general. What is human trafficking? harmonise to Human Trafficking Todays Slave Trade (2008), human trafficking is taken an individual against ones will. One major reason for human trafficking is for sexual exploitation. Throughout her article, Danah Boyd argues that there are no support systems for the victims of human trafficking, creating an emotional connection with her readers. Danah Boyd used pathos to as an appeal by stating in the branch of her article that for the past 12 years, she has contributed both money and time fighting against victimization against women and children and being a victim herself, this angers her to know that law enforcement is targeting the wrong avenue. commiseration is also effectively used by Danah Boyd when she explicitly mentioned her personal outrage against law enforcement mandated a censorship against Craigslist. The source also sympathizes with her readers by thoroughly explaining the dreadful phases a victim of human trafficking and prostitution experienced. For exampl... ... traffickers to conduct illicit activities such as exploiting women and children. Case and point, the Phillip Markoff case. Phillip Markoff was a brilliant medical student who has been charged with gird robbery, rape and the ki lling of a woman whom he met on Craigslist (BostonGlobe, 2009). This case brought critics to scrutinized Craigslist as an unsecured internet company. In concluding, Danah Boyds article on Restricting Classified Advertising Websites Helps Pimps and Human Traffickers, have summarized one aspect of how Craigslist can be used as a tool to stop illicit online activities. The author did annotate any substantial evidence such as statistics to support her argument, but she have chosen pathos, ethos, and logos appeals to prove her stance that censoring Craigslist will not hinder the lucrative business of human trafficker.

The Transgenic Tomato Essay examples -- Science Genetics Papers

The Transgenic TomatoThe Need for Genetic Engineering of Crops For most Americans, fresh vegetables come from the supermarket. one and only(a) only has to walk down an aisle loaded with gleaming red love applees, juicy melons, fresh potatoes, and a plethora of other vegetables and fruits and gather whatever captures ones try for or appetite. A person living in a Westernized culture often takes for granted the hard work, resource usage, and waste that occurs to bring food to him. Tomatoes, for example, shortly follow a long and difficult route to the supermarket. To begin with, field workers must pick the tomatoes by hand epoch they are still green. The young tomatoes are then trucked to facilities where they are gassed with ethylene to artificially induce ripening (Engel 108). Treating green tomatoes with gas to make the red color appear before the tomato ripens allows them to be shipped with less bruising and spoilage because they are still hard, but this practice detracts from their flavor and makes them taste, as some like to say, like cardboard after(prenominal) the tomatoes are gassed, the red (but tough) tomatoes are distributed to the supermarkets. The cardboard tomato problem illustrates a larger problem in agriculture - crop spoilage associated with the predations of insects and fungi and with shipping. We aphorism that picking fruits such as tomatoes while they are green and chemically ripening them is a solution to some of the spoilage problem in crops, while using other chemicals can prevent some damage by pests. However, these chemicals often create environmental hazards in areas where they are used, and pests can often separate resistance to chemicals used to destroy them, making the release of even more pesticides and fungicides int... ...ill form a string, and the tRNA molecules will be released into the cell. When this string of amino acids is completed, it is called a protein. Some proteins provide structure in living things (such as t he protein in muscle tissue), while others can promote certain chemical reactions in cells (such as the breakdown of pectin in tomato cell walls).The above information was taken from Biology, Neil Campbell, et. al., New York Addison Wesley, 1999, p.316.Works CitedCampbell, Neil et. al. (1999). Biology. New York Addison WesleyEngel, Karl-Heinz et al., editors. (1995). Genetically Modified Foods Safety Aspects, Washington, DC American Chemical Society.Nettleton, Joyce. (1999, January). Wedging Science into Public Policy, Food Technology, p. 20.Wilson, Edward O. (1999). The Diversity of Life. New York W. W. Norton & Company.

Diversification within American Organizations Essay -- essays research

Diversification in spite of appearance American OrganizationsThe United States has the most diverse and multi heathenish population ever known to man. The emblematical metaphor the melting pot, strongly states that the major problem organizations face in American purchase order is a diverse personnel with different economical status, beliefs, and cultural background because of this, operating an organization in American society is a very complex task.For many years, researchers struggled with the concept of finding the perfect organizational social organisation to meet the need of the employee and the demands of society. However, research has consistently shown because of historical American idealism that individuals choose to interact more often with members of their own cultural groups or identity operator rather its gender, physical, race, or religious base. This type of interaction makes managing a diverse work force a major challenge for managers in the twenty-first centur y. This paper go away examine diversification from four important tax returns facing today and future American corporations Gender, Disability, Ethnicity, and Religion. The four issues are protected by federal and State laws and enforce by Federal and State courts. Since Americans are comprised of individuals from various countries, and different ethnicities many organizations have begun to embrace diversification in the workplace. Diversification within American Organizations (GENDER)The study of organizations shows the significant differences and similarities of groups. American organizations have recognized that the composition a workforce or any organization, is beginning to reflect the composition of American society. Diversity of gender is one that is characterized by rolls of a person or persons. Research has shown that men and women are equal in terms of learning ability, memory, cogitate ability, creativity, and intelligence (Gibson, 96). Some people regard issues of tr eatment of various employee groups, such as those based on gender, race, and sexual orientation as primarily an issue of moral fairness. Women should be given the same career opportunities as men homosexual couples should be given the same health insurance benefits as heterosexual person couples. American society and culture has changed considerably on these issues over the last 150 years (when women were not allowed to vote and slavery was still practiced), and o... ...rganization. Diversity will challenge organizational leaders to make the necessary changes to develop a multicultural organization in todays diverse society that fits society demands and the organizational needs. ReferencesBolman, L.G., & Deal T.E. (1997). Reframing Organizations Artistry, Choice andLeadership. Second Edition. San Francisco Jossey-Bass Inc.Braun, Carol M. (1998). Inequality Opposing Viewpoints in Social Problems. SanDiego Greenhaven Press.Capps, Walter. (1990). The new religious right piety, patrio tism, and politics. South Carolina University of South Carolina Press, 119-120. Clutterbuck, David (1981). How to be a good corporate citizen A managers guide tomaking social responsibility work & pay. McGraw Hill Company. Oxford Press, 26-86. Cox, T. (1991). The Multicultural Organization. Academy of attention Executive, 5,34-37.Gender in the Workplace. (n.d.) Retrieved June 3, 2002 from http//www.hum.ah.edu/gender/gender.html.Gibson, J.L.,Ivancevich, J.M., Donnelly, J.H. (2000) Organizaions Behavior Structure

John Woo Essay -- Action Films Directors Movies Essays

John philander The bread-and-butter of the film industry is the action movie. Each summer, audiences can expect to manipulate car chases, gunfights and explosions, and studios can expect to see millions and millions of dollars in return. Though most viewers and critics see these movies as fluff entertainment (and rightfully so), there is one director that puts as much boob and soul into his fluff as any number of talented directors put into their serious movies. His name is John Woo. Even though you may not apply heard about him, he is widely considered to be the best contemporary director of action films working anywhere.John Woo, after many years of dangerous work, has become known as the worlds best action film director. His action sequences have become the stuff of legend and are now the basis from which every other action movies are judged. More importantly, along with the bloodshed, Woo has proven that he can create real characters with real emotions that the audience ca n see with. Perhaps that is his greatest talent, and perhaps that is why he will become known as one of the greatest directors in the years to come.John Woos style is definitely fast paced an exciting. Mostly throughout all of his movies his themes are superb against evil. It is always the case of a standoff between the good guy and the bad guy, in their last battle, always to the death. Woos would often use montages to make time go faster, as in reflexion/Off when the swat team breaks into the hou...

Free Essays - Essay on Medea and Antigone :: comparison compare contrast essays

Medea and Antigone be two stories of women fighting back for what they want, or what they feel is right. These stories take place in ancient Greece, around the time of its rise to power. Medea and Antigone are both strong, sometimes-manipulative characters but have different moral settings that control what they do. Medea is often very demanding in getting what it is that she wants Antigone, will do what she need to do in order to get what she wants. With Antigone she is defies the law of a king to uphold the law of her spiritual belief. In the nub of the night she lives the house and sneaks into a field to bury her dead brother. Medea killed many people, including her own sons and a princess, in order to only spite her unlawful and deceit husband. The two women are like alligators, waiting motionless for the right time to strike. In the case of Medea, swift, violent strikes. And with Antigone, a cool collected precise one. These women are always determined to get what they want. In classic works organism a strong woman seems to run hand in hand with being manipulative. Medea lied and cheated friends to try to acquire time in order to get what she wants. In this case what she wants is revenge agents her ex-husband. She tricks a friend to give her asylum in Athens after she has committed her insane task. Medea even goes so far as to be able to con Kreon, the king himself into giving her an extra day. This unknowingly gives her exactly what she needs. Antigone tries her hand at manipulation but is not as successful as Medea. Antigone tries, with no avail, to persuade her sister, Ismene, to help her give their brother Polyneices a proper burial. In this way they are more like foxes, cunning but not always getting it right. Their deceitful nature is their strength. While both women do wrong by the law of man, and Medea against the law of the gods, they do it for different reasons. In the beginning Medea kills many people and monsters with little or no forebodi ng of the consequence. When the story deals with modern times Medea kills out of pure revenge and spite for Jason. She plots for weeks to kill Jasons new bride and poisons her, and then before she leaves the country she murders her two sons, she had with Jason, before she rides off in her bright white chariot.

Free Essays - Essay on Medea and Antigone :: comparison compare contrast essays

Medea and Antigone are two stories of women fighting back for what they want, or what they feel is right. These stories take place in ancient Greece, around the metre of its rise to power. Medea and Antigone are both strong, somemultiplication-manipulative characters but have different moral settings that control what they do. Medea is often very demanding in protrudeting what it is that she wants Antigone, will do what she lead to do in order to get what she wants. With Antigone she is defies the law of a king to uphold the law of her spiritual belief. In the middle of the night she lives the house and sneaks into a field to bury her dead brother. Medea killed many people, including her own sons and a princess, in order to only spite her unlawful and cheating husband. The two women are identical alligators, waiting motionless for the right time to strike. In the case of Medea, swift, violent strikes. And with Antigone, a cool collected precise one. These women are al trends dete rmined to get what they want. In classic works being a strong woman seems to run hand in hand with being manipulative. Medea lied and cheated friends to try to sustain time in order to get what she wants. In this case what she wants is revenge agents her ex-husband. She tricks a friend to give her asylum in Athens after she has act her insane task. Medea even goes so far as to be able to con Kreon, the king himself into giving her an extra day. This unwittingly gives her exactly what she needs. Antigone tries her hand at manipulation but is not as successful as Medea. Antigone tries, with no avail, to persuade her sister, Ismene, to help her give their brother Polyneices a proper burial. In this way they are more like foxes, cunning but not always getting it right. Their deceitful nature is their strength. While both women do wrong by the law of man, and Medea against the law of the gods, they do it for different reasons. In the beginning Medea kills many people and monsters with little or no concern of the consequence. When the story deals with modern times Medea kills out of pure revenge and spite for Jason. She plots for weeks to kill Jasons new bride and poisons her, and then before she leaves the country she murders her two sons, she had with Jason, before she rides off in her sparkly white chariot.

Ethics Choice in the Workplace Essay

Ethics and bodily genial righteousness (CSR) becomes one of key point to evaluation stemma value. In forthwiths highly interconnected, global, and transparent world, corporations are finding that brotherly responsibility is essential to fundamental business strategy (Trevino & Nelson, 2010, page 332). The main purpose of this root is to notch readers an overview and concept about the role of ethics and social responsibility in food industry. Besides that, some ethical problems of organizations, stakeholder perspective on the trusty and some recommendations are listed.Ethics Choice in the Workplace Regarding to corporate ethics and CSR are exposed, both consumers and governments are focusing their attention on corporate social responsibility practices (Maloni & Brown, 2006). Ferrell, Geoffrey & Ferrell (2011, p.38) stated, business ethics as the principles and standards that determine acceptable conduct in business organizations. The behavior of acceptability is confirmed by umpteen stakeholders of organizations such as customers, suppliers, employees, government regulators, owners as well up as community. Ethics and social responsibilities are influent to business strategy and setting in recently. tweed (2012) claimed social responsibilities manage on decision making from top level to bottom line of firms. Ethics and Social Responsibilities are being evaluated as a key successful factor to measure organization outcomes. Ethics Issues in BusinessIn order to identify certain situations that affected by mingled environmental and individual factors as ethical or unethical decision (Bommer, Gravander & Tuttle,1987). The identification is impacted by bias, principles, concepts and definitions of social group or community. These standards are disparate from geographies, races, languages, time, etc. According to Ferell et all, 2011, ethics is related to organizations culture, fiscal status and business objective. Plenty of ethical issues in business can b e classified into their congenator behavior as abusive and intimidating behavior, conflicts of interest, fairness and honesty, communications, and business associations. Abusive and Intimidating BehaviorActions in working environment caused other raft visible threats, being annoying, harshness, or even though bypassing some individual opinions. Abusive can be considered as a distraction or disruption of the employment (Ferell et all, 2011). Intensity of voice, situation of speaking and used words are factors to be determined to abusive or un-abusive. Conflicts of interestThis kind of conflicts occurs quite frequently in reality. For instance, managers could make decisions either to reinforce their power or enhance benefit to shareholders. A CEO will keep confidential a bad financial status to board of director sometimes. The conflict is often among employees because they use the same resources. Un-transparency of gifts may effect to outcome decisions to be an illegal or un-ethic al behavior. Fairness and realityFairness and honesty is the most important of business ethics and create general values of decision makers (Ferell et all, 2011). For instance, some newspapers claimed there are some pinch ingredients in power milk caused harmfulness to children health 2 years ago. In addition, Microsoft window software is still being cracked very popularly in China and Vietnam in particular even though people knew these products are protected by copyright law. CommunicationsCommunication is one of efficacious tools to bring product ideas and images to consumers. However, some organizations transferred to community incorrect information about their products. Under-weight or over-weight harmful of ingredients, food safety and hygiene are the most of wrongful announcement in advertising and labels. Furthermore, there is lack of information to compare differences or similarities between products (Ferell et all, 2011). For example, many people does not know how diffe rentiated among Unilivers detergents OMO, Viso, and Suff. Business RelationsThis ethical behavior is relevant to business relations to customers, suppliers, bosses vs. their staff and others in their workplace that create to ethical concerns. Managers take advantages on legalise and authority roles to supervise their staff. Sometime they play Lording games to reinforce their power (Mintzberg, 1985). In reality, commission and gifts are used very popularly on Sales and Marketing. In Vietnam, gifts are considered as traditional requirement on national holidays. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)Corporate Social Responsibility means that organizations should take responsibility for their impact on society and the environment (Castka & Balzarova, 2007, p.297). Every organization should build and adopt their owned CSR plans. There are four dimensions or four faces of social responsibility scotch, legal, ethical, and philanthropic (which sometimes call voluntary, altruistic or humani tarian) (Ferell et all, 2011) and (Geoffrey, 2001). Economic Responsibilities.Business organizations are groups to conduct goods or service to satisfy consumers as well as create jobs for community (Geoffrey, 2001). Firms should pay fair to workers, look for new resources, technical innovation and celebrate a friendly and fairly working environment. Therefore, economic responsibility is to be profitable for principles by delivering a good quality product at a fair price is due to customers (Geoffrey, 2001, p. 3). Novak (1996, p. 139-145) defined sevener economic responsibilities. There are to (1) satisfy customers with goods and services of real value, (2) make a reasonable return on the funds entrusted to the business corporation by its investors, (3) create new wealth which reduce poorness as their wages rises, (4) create new jobs to enhance worker incomes, (5) defeat envy by generating people values and creations that can improve their conditions, (6) promote ingenuity and inven tion, (7) diversify the interest s of the republic. Legal responsibilities.Legal behavior is obeying the law by playing rules and policies of the game. The business laws are passed by the society and community. The laws tell organizations what should or should not be done. However, the laws often provide a minimum level or a infrastructure of moral that might be followed involuntarily out of fear of punishment rather than voluntarily out of internal moral conviction (Geoffrey, 2001, p. 4). respectable responsibilities.Ethical duties overcome limitations of legal responsibilities. They include moral, doing what is right, just, fair and avoiding harm to society and community even if preventing harm caused by others (Smith & Quelch, 1993). This behavior shows how wealth the organization affects non-economic aspects of society, such as benefit to employees, how closely working environment is, as well as natural environment. Altruistic responsibilitiesThis kind of responsibilities disp lay in the forms of voluntary service, association and giving, offer over of legal of society floor principles. Over the half of century, business increasingly has been judged not only by its economic and its ethical performance, but in any case by its social contributions (Geoffrey, 2001). ConclusionBy understanding deeply Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility, businesses can adopt not only get high profit or outcomes but also be interested to society, community and natural environment. For the time being, we can expect to hear more about social responsibility and much of what of our companies do to give a hand to build our society around us.

Police Powers

Legal Studies Outline some of the advocate police deem to conduct an investigation. How does the current system balance the need for justice with the rights of citizens? The law defines what a crime is and whether a particular act constitutes an withdrawence. The responsibleness for enforcing abominable laws and ensuring they argon adhered to lies with the police. The police argon a part of an executive arm of government and so ar separate from the legislature who makes the laws and the courts that make enforceable legal decisions and judgements.The responsibility that police convey is the nixion and detection of crime and the maintenance of public order, but most importantly it is the police that argon responsible for ensuring the iniquitous laws ar observed. The role the police have in the criminal investigation process is to investigate crimes, make points if necessary, interrogate suspects and gather reason against the accused. Once all evidence is collected police volition then present the evidence for judgement to the court on behalf of the state, either directly or through a prosecutor.An event a newspaper article name tougher terror laws gives us an example of police having power to enter a home without a warrant and re-entered after(prenominal) twelve hours during an emergency under new anti-terror laws. Labour and the collation voted together in the senate last night to pass the legislation, this then create a colligation parliamentary committee to monitor the AFP (Australian Federal Police) and the Australian Crime Commission. After a seven day detention limit for somebody started on suspicion of act of terrorism the legislation was disregarded.This is an example police non using a warrant to enter a home. The article was specifically about terrorism and creating new legislation for anti-terror laws in this case the legislation did no pass and was disregarded. Since this case on that point has been much legislation that has pa ssed for instants The Anti-Discrimination Act 2004 which involves amending the Crimes Act 1914 to strengthen the powers of Australias law enforcement authorities setting minimum non- tidings periods for terrorism offences and tightening bail conditions for those charged with terrorism offences as well as other initiatives.To the Anti-Discrimination Act 2004 there has also been The Anti-Discrimination Act (No. 2) 2004, The Anti-Discrimination Act (No. 3) 2004 as well as Anti-Terrorism Act (No. 2) 2005 which this basically which amends the Criminal Code to allow for the listing of organisations that advocate the doing of a terrorist act as terrorist organisations, establishes procedures for preventative detention and control orders, updates the offence of sedition and other measures.Another example I have is also from a newspaper titled DNA on demand which basically talks about New South Wales police having the power to demand DNA samples from every offender no matter of the severit y of the crime. The power was approved by cabinet as part of a legislative package focused largely on anti-terrorism measures. Police have been given the tools to fight terrorist and other criminals. Under this new legislation police will be able to demand a hair sample or mouth swab after any arrest no matter how minor. All police have to do is believe that the sample will plug in the offender to the crime.There are also other measures which include police being able to use spikes as a weapon against terrorism or major(ip) crime suspects. But the civil libertarians accused the government of creating a peace state monitoring every aspect of the lives of its citizens. Both tougher terror laws and the article supra both obviously is about creating anti-terrorism laws and how there should be tougher laws to make Australia terrorism free and keep the citizens safe because everyone has the rights to feel safe in the environment that they are living in.Police PowersPolice Powers INTRODUC TION Police powers are defined as legal abilities to perform actions that would otherwise be legally forbidden they are not duties to perform actions to which the law would otherwise be indifferent (Shiner, 1994). Police exercise powers with gaze to detention and arrest, try and rapture, use of force, and interrogation of crime suspects . The power point to which police exercise these powers vary from one case to some other. A police force with unlimited power might be more effective, but it would intervene with the freedoms citizens to enjoy.Thus, one major problem permeates the whole field of police powers how to frame the law to give police adequate powers to perform their law enforcement duties, while at the same time ensuring that such powers do not allow arbitrary and unreasonable interference by the police with the freedom of the individual (Lambert, 1986). Lambert (1986) has give tongue to that, police forces are expected to use powers of coercion to function efficien tly. He acknowledges that powers to detain suspects against their will are essential elements of the investigative process.He also suggests that, there will always be circumstances, where police forces will need to stop and question people, search them and their premises or vehicle and take them to the police station in order to proceed with the investigation, if need be, by force. This would enable them to carry out their job successfully. This term paper looks at two police powers namely the power to detain and arrest and the power to search people and places to seize evidence that are essential to ensure order and pursue criminals, while protecting the rights of citizens.Canadian criminal offences do not all have the same degree of severity. Understanding the classification of criminal offences is essential before discussing about arrest and detention. Arcaro (Arcaro, Classification of offences, 2003), has sort out criminal offences in two categories 1. Summary Conviction Minor criminal offences that include indecent acts, disturbances, trespassing at night et cetera. 2. IndictableMajor criminal offences that include first degree murder, infanticide, kidnapping et cetera. ARREST AND DETENTIONThe term arrest has been defined as actual restraint on a individuals liberty, without that mortals consent, and physical custody of a person with the intent to detain (Arcaro, Arrest without warrant, 2003). It involves a statement that person is under arrest and may/may not involve physical touch of the person In Canada, The power to arrest is provided by the Criminal Code and other national statues as well as by provincial legislation such as motor vehicle statues. An arrest can be made to prevent a crime from being committed, to terminate a breach of the peace, or to compel an accused person to attend the trial (Griffiths, 2007).Griffiths (2007) proclaims that only a smattering of criminal suspects are formally arrested when they are charged with an offence. He claims that most of them are issued an appearance notice by the police officer or are summoned to court by a justice of the peace (JP). He states that, sometimes, the police have to respond quickly without securing a warrant from JP. Section 495(1) C. C states foursome circumstances where a police officer can arrest a criminal suspect without a warrant 1. Find a person committing a criminal offence 2. Reasonable grounds that a person has committed an chargeable offence. . Reasonable grounds that a person is about to commit an indictable offence. 4. Reasonable grounds that a valid warrant exists in the territorial jurisdiction in which the accused person is found. (Arcaro, Arrest without warrant, 2003) Two additional conditions apply to making an arrest. First, the officer essential not make an arrest if he or she has no reasonable grounds. Reasonable Grounds has been defined by case law as a set of facts or circumstances which would cause a person of ordinary and prudent judgmen t to believe beyond a mere suspicion (Arcaro, Arrest without warrant, 2003). A police officer must have reasonable grounds that an indictable offence has been committed. Second, the officer must believe on reasonable grounds that an arrest is necessary in the public interest. This is defined specifically as the need to 1. Establish the identity of the person 2. Secure or preserve evidence of or relating to the offence and/or 3. Prevent the continuation or repetition of the offence or the commission of another offence. (Griffiths, 2007) In practice, arrests are usually made only in the case of indictable offences.For summary conviction offences, arrest is only legal if the police finds someone actually committing the offence or if there is an outstanding arrest warrant or a warrant of committal. The Supreme Court of Canada has held that a detention occurs when a police officer assumes control over the movement of a person by a demand or direction that may have operative legal conse quence and that prevents or impedes access to legal counsel. (Griffiths, 2007). Detention is a part of arrest, but a person can be detained without being arrested.Upon arrest or detention, the suspect can choose between exercising charter rights or not. According to Section 10 of the Charter, anyone who has been arrested or detained has the right to be certain promptly of the reason for the arrest or detention. That person also has the right to instruct counsel without delay and to be informed about that right. Suspects have a right to retain counsel but do not have an absolute right to have that counsel paid for by the state. When an arrested or detained person does not have a lawyer, police must inform the suspect of a toll-free number that offers free preliminary advice.They must hold off on further questioning to give the suspect an opportunity to access this advice. Failure to do so is considered as an infringement of suspects Charter rights. SEARCH AND exaltation Search and seizure is defined as the power of the police to search people and places and to seize evidence. Griffiths (2007) suggests that, historically, under the common law, the way evidence was gathered did not affect its admissibility in a criminal trial. This scenario was changed by Section 8 of the Charter which protects all citizens against unreasonable search and seizure.Section 24 of the Charter requires evidence from an illegal search to be excluded from the trial as is would bring the justice system into disrepute. As a result, conditions and requirements have emerged regarding prior authorization for a search. Generally, a search warrant must be issued. A search warrant is a written document that represents judicial authorization for peace officers to enter and search a specific place for specific items, and to seize those items that are evidence to the offence, if they are found (Arcaro, Search and Seizure, 2003).Arcaro (2003) explains that search warrants must be preceded by an finish they are not automatically granted on the basis of a request by a police officer. He states that, justice may issue a search warrant if reasonable grounds exist to believe that there is in a building, receptacle or place 1. Anything on or in respect of which any criminal offence under any federal statute has been, or is suspected of having been committed, or 2. Anything that is reasonably believed to be evidence of an offence against the criminal code or other federal statutes. . Anything that will reveal the whereabouts of a person who is believed to have committed any classification of criminal offence 4. Anything that is think to be used for the purpose of committing any criminal offence, against the person for which a person may be arrested without a warrant. Essentially the warrant authorizes the search for and seizure of tangible, physical items that are evidence that proves the commission of any classification of offences under any federal statute.The general content s of a search warrant include applicants name and signature, the place intended to be searched, description of the items to be searched for, the offence that the evidence to be searched for will prove, and reasonable grounds for popular opinion that the items are in the place (Arcaro, Search and Seizure, 2003). All of the above contents must be sufficiently proven to a justice. If one area is deficient, the application will be rejected. Box 4. 4 (Griffiths, 2007) illustrates a situation where Supreme Court expanded police practice with respect to searches.Police responded to an anonymous tip from a caller regarding young men brandishing weapons by setting up a roadblock, searching for weapons in cars leaving the club. While doing so, they seized weapons from an unsuspecting vehicle. These weapons were ruled out as evidence by the Ontario Court of Appeal in acquitting the two accused, as it was obtained by means of a blockade, which was unlawful since there had been no evidence that anyone was in danger and that the police had not limited their search to vehicles described by the caller.However, the Supreme Court of Canada overturned the decision, deciding that the search was justified. It was agreed that stopping any vehicles from leaving the parking lot of the club was a reasonable response. This example illustrates that the Supreme Court has adopted more of a law-and-order stance in recent years. Works Cited Arcaro, G. (2003). Arrest without warrant. In G. Arcaro, Basic Police Powers (p. 353). Toronto Thomson/Nelson. Arcaro, G. (2003). Classification of offences. In G. Arcaro, Basic Police Powers (p. 353). Toronto Thomson/Nelson.Arcaro, G. (2003). Search and Seizure. In G. Arcaro, Basic Police Powers (p. 353). Toronto Thomson/Nelson. Griffiths, C. T. (2007). Police Powers and finale Making. In C. T. Griffiths, Canadian Criminal Justice (p. 367). Toronto Nelson Education Ltd. Lambert, J. L. (1986). Arrest and Detention. In J. L. Lambert, Police Powers and Accountability (p. 230). London Dover, N. H. Croom Helm Ltd. Shiner, R. A. (1994). Citizens rights and police powers. In R. S. Macleod, Police Powers in Canada The Evolution and Practice of Authority (p. 76). Toronto University of Toronto Press . 1 . Formal arrest takes place when an arrest warrant has been issued against the criminal suspect. Arrest warrant is a document that permits a police officer to arrest a specific person for a specified reason. It is issued by the Justice of Peace. 2 . A document issued by a judge directing prison authorities to accept a person into custody upon his or her sentencing or a document issued by parole board to revoke an offenders conditional release.

Over the years there have been many theories of why rape occurs

Over the years in that respect grant been art objecty theories of why bungle numbers. Although enrapture underside happen to a woman or a man statistics show that scandalise of a woman by a man is the most common form and this essay volition focus on fe manlike dishonour.Rape is a brutal and ugly expression of male violence it is usually directed at wo workforce. Although rape is sometimes directed against children and hands, this essay bequeath focus on the rape of women by men. The following paragraphs volition critically consider the contributions different theorists have made on the subject of Rape. Firstly it will look at how violence is defined and how rape is defined. Sociologists, criminologists and psychologists have different opinions as to why violent crimes much(prenominal) as rape occur. This essay will consider companionable learning theory accounts, entire libber explanations, psychological explanations and biological explanations of why some men ra pe women. Matza, Left Realism, James Short and Taylor, Walton and Young will be some of the theorists apply.Firstly rape is defined as having versed intercourse with a person without their consent. Sex without consent could be because the individual is incapable of consenting due to the f do that they atomic number 18 mentally incapable, argon incapable of consenting due to drink or drugs or that they have been forced or coerced into sex because of violence or the terror of violence. Violence does non have to be a physical act or result in physical violence it can be words, mannerisms and attitudes or even a display of aggression, which leads an individual lifeing, threatened and vulnerable. Radical feminist theories would even define coerced sex as rape, this is were they argue that women agree to sex because they feel that there will be negative responses from the other individual if they refuse. Explanations of rape ar mainly sociocultural and social interactionist, argui ng thatRape reflects much than public attitudes by men towards women in any spoticular society and that a substantial proportion of rape arises from misinterpreted ( to male advantage unless convicted) and unreciprocated seductions (Sanday, 1981 Sorenson and White, 1992 Scully 1990, cited in Maguire et al Levi M ch24 1997 866).White and Sorensen 1992 and Felson 1993 point out that whilst the majority of rapists prefer non-coercive strategies to obtain sex, subjectively defined sexual deprivation is their primary motivation (Cited in Maguire et al 1997 levi m ch 24866). They further point out that the majority of men who rape women have very full sex lives, and they regard other individuals as still world there for their sexual gratification. These explanations are social psychological explanations. only individual psychopathology is important in rape cases were the victim and the rapist has had no previous interaction with each other before the rape, (West 1987, cited in mac guire et al jefferson ch16548). In some cultures and societies a women is raped because she displays too much independence (Sanday, 1981) this would clog up up the functionalist explanation that rape is a way of keeping women subjugated. (See Br avouchmiller 1975).Bandura (1973, 1978) is credited with developing social learni.ng theory Social learning theory believes predominantly that hard-hitting de compressedour of towards women is a learned response. They further point out that if an individual is exposed repeatedly to any stimulus they will begin to see this behaviour as positive and the norm. It points out that if an individual has been subjected to seeing sex and violence together that this is the stimulus that makes then associate violence and sex together as normal. This stimulus can be given through incidents that have occurred in their own personal lives or via the media. Further more the opinions of the social learning theorist are that men absorb the myths that surr ound rape thus justifying their actions to themselves. Myths such as* Rape is near sex.* Only certain types of women can get raped.* A Woman who is healthy could defend herself from the rapist, if she really wanted to.* The majority of women who are raped ask for it, they are promiscuous and have bad reputations.* Many women yell rape just to get back at the man they are accusing. Other aspects of social learning theory and their explanations of why men rape women is that men get desensitised to pain and humiliation by looking at pornographic material, such as magazines and videos. Social learning theory believes that rape is strongly linked to cultural traditions. Rape is seen by the social learning theorist as being the extreme end of a culture and tradition were the man is seen as being aggressive and the woman as seen as being passive. Further more that the man is seemed to take the sexual initiative whilst the woman sets the limit.The radical feminist would disagree with the social learning theories opinion that rape was partly motivated by sexual desire, pointing out that rape was all about violence and lead. However it could be said that a certain amount of desire on the rapists part is needed to achieve the rape. Also that defining it only as an act of violence and control confused the motivation (the sex) and the tactics (the violent coercion). The explanations of the social learning theorist could also be criticised by pointing out that rape is non about sex as sex is supposed to involve tenderness.However prostitution is about sex and that does not involve tenderness. Social learning theorists could be criticised in their opinion that rape is partly about sex, by pointing out that the majority of rapists are in stable sexual relationships. However it does not mean that their partner is fulfilling their sexual desire. Finally it could be said that the physical harm incurred by victims of rape shows that it is purely a violent act and no hotshot of sexual desire. However statistics show that in 80% of rapes, only the rapist uses the minimum force necessary. However just because the woman is not physically evil does not make this a non-violent act. Further more rapes of women who are leaving a relationship tend to be particularly violent. Surely this shows that rape is about magnate.Although there is a slight overlap of similar thinking between the social learning theorist and the radical feminist theorist, in their believe that rape is a learned behaviour this is about as much as they agree on.Early feminist theories of sexual violence concentrated on the definition, nature, causes, functions and the consequences of rape (Ward C.A, 1995 22). speculative perspectives of rape however came from a broader feminist theory which pointed to the sexuality differences in power between men and women as a direct cause of sexual violence. As a result of this feminists have always maintained that violence against women (including se xual violence) plays a major part in patriarchal society. Further more that rape is social tradition of male domination and female exploitation (Brownmiller S, 1975267). Feminist theories are in line with sociological theories of conflict. It is argued that rape is caused because women are socially, politically and economically powerless compared to men. They further argue that not only does the differences in power between men and women cause rape but that sexual violence and rape serves to maintain the status quo.Thus keeping women subordinate and in there place. Feminist theories of rape have incorporated theories of psychology as well as politics, sociology and some social learning theory into their explanations of rape. However they have always emphasised their believe that patriarchy, male power over women is the major factor in rape and that rape is a crime of violence power and hostility not sex. Rose 1977, Russell 1975 point out that rape is a result of social stratificat ion and differential gender roles and socialisation (cited in Ward C.A 199523). Millet 1969 pointed out that women are seen as the space of men and those men should be able to use women to try on sexual gratification when they feel the need. This is particularly true in marriage as in Britain until October 1991 there was no law on rape within marriage, except to say it was not possible. This can be traced back to Mathew Hale who was the Chief Justice in England in the 18th century. In 1736 his statement was publish in History of the pleas of the crown, it readThat a economize cannot be guilty of rape committed by himself upon his lawful wife, for by their mutual consent and commence the wife hath given up herself in this kind unto the husband which she cannot retract (Toner B 1977 85)Radical feminists believe that even consenting sex under patriarchy can be defined as a form of rape. Dworkin points out that women are defined by their sexuality a definition which is socially re al. Socially infrangible and intrinsically coercive Cowling M 2002 4). Mackinnon 1988 pointed out that women have grave problems in proving rape in court because some women are often coerced into sex if not forced. (Cited in Kelly & Radford date 20). This is particularly true in cases of date rape and marital rape. Thus radical feminists believe that rape is a major part of patriarchy. Research undertaken in the past couple of decades has shown that sexual violence plays a major part in male power and male control of women.The radical feminist theories argue that rape is about male dominance over women patriarchy pointing out that the.Centrality of rape and fear/threat of rape to the social control of women sexual violence is theorised as the violence underpinning and maintaining male dominance and female subordination, the gender power relations of patriarchy (Radford J 2002, cited in Women crime and law 2002) perchance intranet notes Check this quote and re- reference.Brown mill er 1976 Cited in Macguire et al 541 jefferson ch 16 point out that rape was actually the foundation of patriarchy, she further added that rape was a consciuos procces by which all men keep all women in a state of fear (cited in Mcguire et al 1997 jefferson ch 16 541).Although as previously mentioned feminist theories of patriarchy overlaps with social learning theory in the believe that rape is an aggressive act the radical feminist sees this aggression as more about power than sex. They further argue that patriarchy plays a major part in sexual violence. Pointing out that rape is much higher in countries was patriarchy is more prevalent. Countries such as Alfghanistan may not appear to have a high rate of female rape cases. However this could be because some societies such as alfghanistan embrace a configuration that includes interpersonal violence. Domination by males and seperation of the sexes. In countries such as Alfganistan a women is classed as second class citizens the pro perty me. For instance once married a woman may not define her experience as rape feeling that she must obey her husband when he wishes to have sex. The term sexual violence recognises thatViolence is a gendered phenomenon within the context of patriarchal relations (Hester, Radford & Kelly 2002, cited in Cowling M 2002, rape and sexual assault notes, theories of rape 4) Check this.Dworkin (1974) argued thatLooking for a man not caught up in male power was like looking for a needle in a haystack (Cowling M 5, rape and d sexual assault notes).Criticisms of feminist theories are that they ignore the fact that most women are heterosexual and enjoy consenting heterosexual sex. The theories of the radical feminist make out as though the majority of sex between a man and a woman is coercive and therefore should be defined as rape.Biological theories of rape are split into two parts socio-biological and hormonal. The basics of the socio-biological explanation of why men rape women is evolu tionary, the males need to procriate. However some rapists use condoms whilst raping the woman so as there is no evidence so this is not about procriation. The Hormonal explanation is based on mens testosterone levels pointing out that males are naturally more aggressive than females. However if this is the case then why do they take their aggression out on women in the form of rape and not other males Further more why dont all men rape?Box (1983) points out that a man will use different resources to gain his masculinity depending on his position within class, race and gender relations (Box S 1983 152). He further points out that were the individual feels their position is will determine the salience of the crime committed. The crime committed will be used as a way to accomplish more masculinity. The further down the racial and class hierarchy you are the more salient the crime will be.Brown miller (1975) although a feminist argues that rape is about biological drive as opposed to l earned masculinity.Another psychological theory of rape is the sickness model the believe that men who rape are suffering from an identifiable mental illness which makes them impulsive they argue that this means they should not be held obligated for their crime. Another suggestion is that men who rape suffer with an uncontrollable sexual urge. It is further pointed out by thatSee Jefferson and Gresswell and Hollin (1994) for psychological stuff.Rape in Britain has been black since 1275 Check this, Rape within marriage has only been illegal since 1991. Whilst the legal definition of rape might appear to be quite clear keep down it is fraught with difficulties of interpretation. For instance if the victim and the offender know each other for instance are aquantances, are dating or are married there is difficulties around the issue of consent. What constitutes consent? Even stranger is difficult as we have a society and a legal system that often holds the perpetraitor and the victi m equally responsible. The myths that surround rape such as* All women want to be raped* No woman can be raped against her will* She was asking for it* If you are going to be raped you might as well enjoy it,distort and govern female sexuality (Brownmiller S, 1975 246).Further more these myths disadvantage and oppress women, but they also subtly encourage sexual violence without awareness of moral wrongdoing ( Brown miller S 1975 247).Finally we broadly speaking here about via the media who portray rapists as sex crazed monsters who attack women because they are psychologically disturbed however this is a myth and there are many othersMyth FactRapists are mentally disturbed Most rapists show no signs ofPsychological problemsRape is committed by strangers Most rapes occur indoors &most victims know their rapistsRape is the result of a sudden Most rapes are planned and havesexual urge have cypher to do withuncontrollable libidoSome women ask for it for - Rape can happen to any wom anInstance, the clothes they wear/ in any situationbeing to provocative.The above myths all contribute to the continuation of men thinking that women are their for their sexual gratification. These myths that exist within society not only give men the right to think that rape is not a crime or that at the very lest it is not a serious crime can consummation a womans ability to define her experience as rape. Did she encourage him? Did she not put up enough of a fight? Women in Britain have fought for many years to gain equality in a mans world and in some aspects women have achieved this until it seems it comes to sex. It appears that men have maintained there right to own women and use them to have sex with when they want in order to keep them in their place. Rape exists within society because society allows it to.

GFI Executive Report

Gracie Fay International (GIF) has an art to sympathize their abilities to record, classify, and summarize their financial, that they are lacking the understanding of their represent history systems, product costs for production of took balls, specialized job order cost for special order products, and their cost information on the deuce models of pitching machines, which all of these areas are non being unfreeze on how Important cost bill is too growing lodge Like GIF.These four areas will be explored In more detail in order to shed light on each activity, which will ensure that GIF Is asking a profit, correct decisions, and recognizes any corrections that need to me made. GIF must understand that cost accounting Is an Important function In their corporate strategy. Cost accounting Is known as managerial, or management accounting, which It provides economic, and financial Information In making decision for the company. Its mall objective is to provide information In ladling management to plan, direct, and control operations.It also improves these controls by supplying data on the cost incurred to each manufacturing department. The skill sets that I have will enhance GIF on many levels, and they include full knowledge of purchasing policies, processes, and procedures, balance and reconcile records, qualified to research and resolve unbalance issues, have strong technical skills, solid decision making skills, and the ability to exercise independent Judgment, prioritize and plan, work activities efficiently to meet deadlines, work as a team or independently, detailed oriented, excellent oral and written communication skills, and strong mathematical skills.Cost management is employ to plan, and control the companys decision process, in which reduce cost would be unhopefuler, and product value would increase for customers. It provides information that ensures management makes short, and long term decisions no social occasion what kinds of materials are being used, changes in plant process, or in product design. Management would make these kind of decision to increase short term profits, and reform the long term position of the company. There are three cost system that are used for manufacturing operations Job order cost system, do work cost systems, and Activity based (BBC).Job order Is used to reduce products for specific orders, and It estimates the costs with producing the goods for different Jobs (Atkinson et. Al. 2005 p. 79) Process costing Is often used by companies that flow using continuous processing. This type of system applies the costs of production, labor and support actively as the goods pass through the different process stages. (Atkinson et al, 2005, p. 92-94) BBC has a two stages, the first stage Is cost Is allocated to pools, and the second stage Is the cost pools are allocated to products, or services. (Edmonds et al, 2006, p. 33). These septets include understanding the difference between manufacturing, and non manufacturing costs, computing the cost of manufacturing a product, indemnifying cost behavior when it comes to utilizing cost volume profit relationships, setting prices, budgeting, controls, and capital when it comes to the companys strategies. Transform raw materials into finished product, and the cost consist of basic materials, and components, labor, and factory smash in order to complete a finished product. The material, and labor is classified as direct, or indirect to the finished product.To explain direct material, it is taking major components, which can be traced to the finished product. It counts these components carefully, because of the significance to the product, for example take a lawn mower its major components are the engine, wheels, and handle, but the indirect materials is those minor items like screws, nuts, bolts, washers, and lubricants, which is accounted for as factory overhead. Cost accounting also includes direct labor costs, which is all labor cos ts for specific work performed on products that can be conveniently and economically raced too product unit.Factory overhead is all factory costs that are indirectly related with the finished inventory. When it comes to cost behavior, the costs do not change in total, even when the product numbers increase, or decrease, and is considers to be fixed cost, an example would be rent. Other cost that a factory whitethorn incur would be known as non manufacturing cost, which includes selling, administrative, and financing costs that are deducted as expenses from the sales revenues. The manufacturing production process includes, Job shops, batch flows, etc. Which economic aid determine the type of product cost system the company may utilize.It is understood that when making a decision its best to use estimation of costs, but management must have a good idea on how costs behave. There are several methods that management could use the high low method, or the least square regression. When a company is setting prices there is one approach to think about, that would be the cost plus pricing. Then the company can apply the proper markup given the competitive market conditions, and other factors, like target selling price. In equines a budget aids in planning, and controlling of the company. Master budgets consist of operating, and financial budgets.The operating budget forecast sales, while financial budget is based on data from income statement. Let not forget that budgetary control is needed, this process compares actual operating results, and to identify problem areas in order to correct the issues. In conclusion cost accounting provides products, or services that greatly benefit Gaffs management team in many areas such as, competition, downsizing, or expanding globally, therefore GIF must understand that without cost accounting in their business plan the company may not be able to expand their activities, remain profitable or improve its competitive standing. prowess 2 Product Cost Variable Fixed Direct Electricity x substantive Estate Taxes x Indirect Leather to tie timberland together Manufacturing Labor Water x Lubricants for Machinery Equipment depreciation Electricity, and Water- is manufacturing, variable cost, because the business depends on electricity, and when sales have increased it creates more demand for more product. Real Estate Taxes, and Equipment depreciation- is fixed, because it remains instant within a relevant range of volume, or activity.

Dorian Gray and the Theme of Beauty

Commonly deformity is symbolic whether it represents the good and purity in someone or the corruption in their very soul is a different story. In the book, Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde, deformity is used to symbolize the corruption and abasement of Dorians soul. Dorians own bang could be considered a deformity and this deformity destroyed Dorians life. He has an unnatural, phantasmagorical beauty and its this beauty that causes him to become so evil and corrupted. Its the reason behind his madness. He actually traded his soul to keep his youth and beauty If it were I who was to be always young, and the picture that was to grow oldFor that- for that- I would give everything I would give my soul for that His beauty was so symbolic because it was pure, aboveboard and divine at the beginning of the novel yet it ended up cau take advantageg the decay and destruction of a young mans life. though his looks should have been a gift it became a curse that corrupted his soul and destroyed hi s life. He became too obsessed with his looks and thus lost his soul. When Dorian motto the portrait painted he soon begins to loath it because I shall grow old, and horrible, and dreadful. But this picture will remain always young.It will never be older than this particular day in June I am jealous of the portrait you have painted of me. He in turn wishes that he was to stupefy young and beautiful and the portrait was to show all the signs of aging and sin. This is the beginning of Dorians troubles. He goes through his life looking young and innocuous but all the sins he commits shows on the canvas, The terrible portrait whose changing features show him the real degradation of his lifeHe had a secret cheer of the misshapen shadow that had to bear the burden that shouldve been his own. Any time Dorian does something sinful, selfish, cruel, or falls to temptation it all shows up on the canvas to bilk his idyllic beauty. A sense of infinite pity, not for himself, but for the pai nted image of himself, came over him. It has altered already and would alter more. For every sin he committed, a stain would fleck and wreck its fairness. Dorian knew that his soul was being corrupted because he could see it on the movie, but he took no notice. Since the signs of sin dont show up on him (but rather the painting) he participates in immoral temptations, He uses the painting as an outlet for all his desires. whizz example of his corruption is when he is cruel to Sibyl Vane that is the first act of evil he commits and its when the first sign of deformity shows on the painting. Dorian only loved Sibyl for her acting and when she acted badly in Romeo and Juliet, even though she did it because she loved Dorian enough to learn that true love isnt what she had been acting, he completely abandons her and breaks her heart. He said that, There is always something ridiculous about the emotion of people whom one has ceased to love. Sibyl Vane seemed to him to be absurdly melodr amatic.Her tears and sobs soused him. As soon as Dorian got home he first noticed that the portrait changed, it revealed his cruelty. It was described that The face appeared to him to be a little changed. The verbiage looked different. One would have said that there was a touch of cruelty in the mouth. This was the beginning of the corruption of Dorians soul, the corruption of the painting. He was unnecessarily cruel to Sibyl Vane and his soul was changed as a result the deformity of the mouth on the painting was a visual resemblance to Dorians soul and the corruption it was beginning to feel.Dorian Gray was the definition of beauty he was pure, innocent and stunning but he had a soul as corrupt as the seven deadly sins. He traded his soul to stay young forever but in turn a portrait of himself was a visual representation of his soul. Over time it grew deformed and hideous and this showed that Dorians own soul was also becoming deformed, corrupted and hideous. The degradation of t he painting shows that corruption of the soul is a type of deformity.

Rational Theory

This paper introduces Rational System Perspectives in relations to quartet promin ent schools of organization theory which are Taylors scientific management, Fayols general principles of management, webers theory of bureaucracy and Simons discussion on administrative behavior. Rational System Perspectives There are dickens key elements characterizing rational systems 1) Goal Specificity Specific goals support rational behavior in organizations by providing guideli nes on structural design, which leads to specify what tasks are to be performe d and how resources are to be allocated. ) Formalization Formalization is an attempt to make behavior more predictable by standardizing and regulating. Formalization provides stable expectation, which is a precond ition to rationality. Selected schools The beginning related rational system perspectives to four schools of organizatio nal theories. Taylors Scientific Management (1911) Taylor Scientifically analyzed tasks performed by individ ual work outers and disco vered the best procedure that would experience the maximum output with the minimu m input of resources.His attempts (to rationalize labor at level of the indiv idual worker )led to changes in the entire structure of work arrangement. Ther efore, efficiency improved. His four principles includes 1) Develop a science for each element of an individuals work. 2) Scientifically select and train workers. 3) Heartily cooperate with workers to ensure that each work is done as plan. 4) Divide work and responsibilities between management and workers. Taylor also proposed the use of incentive system based on performance as a mot ivation tool.Arguments 1) Workers resisted time-study procedures that attempt to standardize every as pect of their performance. 2) Workers rejected incentive system requiring them to perform continuously at a peak level of efficiency. Fayols Administrative speculation (1916) Fayol emphasized management functions by proposing broad administ rative principles as guidelines to achieve rationalization of organizational activiti es. Fayols and other supporters believed in two main types of management activi ties. ) Coordination includes any elements related to collaborations of individuals much(prenominal) as scalar chain, unity of command, span of control and exception princip le. 2) Specialization involves various activities distributed among positions abou t how such positions can most effectively be grouped into work units. For exam ple, departmentalization, line-staff principle. Arguments Herbert Simon was one of the main opponents of this theory. He commenced that so-called principles are truthful, but not realistic. Thus, they are inapplica ble (details will be discussed).Webers Theory of Bureaucracy (1922) Weber developed a theory of potency structures and describes organizational activity on the basis of authority relations. By building the structure, task responsibilities and decision-making authorities would b e clearly defined. He proposed that rational-legal authority (the authority a person possesses be cause of his/her position in an organization, not because of wealth, social st atus or individuals admirable character) provides the value to develop the u niversal authority structure called bureaucracy.Webers ideal bureaucracy principles includes 1) Division of labor. Jobs are broken down into simple, routine, and well-defi ned tasks. 2) Authority hierarchy. Positions are organized in a hierarchy, each lower one being controlled and supervised by a higher one. 3) Formal selection. Members are selected on the basis of technical qualificat ions (training, education of formal examination). 4) Formal rules and regulations. Managers must dep remainder on formal rules to ensur e uniformity. 5) Impersonality. There is no personal preference of employees. ) Career orientation. Managers do not own the units they manage. They work fo r salary and pursue their careers. Arguments There are self-c ontradictions in Webers principles. 1) Management based on discipline individuals obey the rules and orders becau se they regard the rules and orders as methods to fulfill organizational goals . Therefore, obedience is a mean to an end. 2) Management based on bureaucracy individuals obey the rules because rules a re considered as commands, setting aside their judgements. Thus, obedience is an end itself.Simons Theory of Administrative Behavior (1958) Simon proposed a more realistic view related to rational system perspectives b y pointing out the boundaries (limits and constraints) on how rational music director s can be in making decisions. He introduced the term bounded rationality. Rather than pursuing all alternatives to identify the best base that would maximize returns, managers will choose the solution that appears to solve the problem, even though they realized the chosen solution is not the best one, d ue to time/ court constraints and other limitations.Furthermore, Simon clarified the process by which goal specificity and formali zation contribute to rational behavior in organization. Goal specificity He introduced means-ends chains which establish a hierar chy of goals. tally to organizational level, each level of activity is con sidered as an end relative to the levels below it and as a mean relative to th e level above it. Formalization Simon believed formalized structure supports rational decision making in the sense that formalization simplifies a border of responsibilities among participants and provides participants with guidelines to handle them.Conceptual simulation (means) (ends) Formalization Goal Specificity Input Output Rational System Conclusion 1. tenability in this paper can be viewed in two senses as follows 1. 1) Technical or Functional rationality which can be attained done a serie s of actions (means) which lead to predetermined goals (ends) with maximum eff iciency. In short, Technical or Functional rationality emphasizes in strumental means-ends efficiency. Taylors and Fayols theories are related to rationa lity in this sense. 1. ) Formal rationality which can be derived through imposing rules an regulations to organization. Weber defined bureaucracy as rational in this sen se. 2. Level of Analysis 1. 1) Social psychological level. Taylor and Simon focus on individual participants as they perform tasks or make decision. 1. 2) Structural level. Fayol and Weber attempt to analyze the characteristics of organizational structures. Direction for my further research According to the paper above, I would comparable to examine which ideas of the above theories are still applicable to current information technology era.Furtherm ore, adding to my personal interest in strategic management, I would like to a nalyze how classical theories influence managers on strategic decision-making. Please see the summarized table in the next page. Table Summarize and compare four organization theories. Taylor Fayol Weber Simo n Year introduced 1911 1916 1922 1958 Means l Scientifically analyzed tasks performed by individual workers. l Concer ned with management at the shop levels l Generated broad administration princi ples. l Focused on activities of all managers l Described organizational activi ty on the basis of authority relations. Proposed rational-legal authority as a value to develop bureaucracy. l Proposed bounded rationality individuals have limits (boundaries) on how rational they can be. l Introduced means-ends chains. Ends Max. efficiency by using one best way. Max. efficiencyby using management expertness Max. efficiency by using bureaucratic structure Choose a fairly goo d solution, not optimal one. Assumptions Technical & Functional Rationality Technical & Functional Rational ity Formal Rationality Bounded rationalityLevel of Analysis Social Psychological Structural Structural SocialPsychologic al Arguments 1) Workers resistedTime-study procedures, attempting to standardize every express ion of performance. 2) Workers rejected incentive system, requiring th em to perform continuously at a peak of efficiency. 1) So-called principles ar e truthful, but not realistic. 2) Simon imputable to limitations & constraints, the se principles are not thoroughly applicable. Self-contradictions 1) Based on d iscipline Obedience is a mean to an end. 2) Based on bureaucracy Obedience is an end itself.

My Best Holiday

Most of every(prenominal) I want to travel all around the world. I want to see impertinent places and learn to a greater extent or less different cultures. I love travelling so travelling around the full-length world would be a dream rise true. on that point are so many places I want to visit. I have been in 8 countries. One of them is England. I want to tell you about that trip, because it was a dream holiday. The trip lasted for 4 days. It was a young lady trip, only me and my mum. We had to take the coast bus to Haugesund very early at the morning. We arrived Haugesund airport and took the plain to Stansted airport in London.I was very excited and had huge expectations because I had heard a part positive about London before. When we took the bus from the airport to the hotel, I looked at the places we drove true. The houses were different from norway, a lot of them were made of brick. I could see already that london was a lot bigger than Stavanger. We came to a hotel, cal led Picadilly hotel or just aboutthing, because the hotel was in a place called Picadilly sircus. Me and my mum were both tiard after the trip, so we decided to release a bit this first evening.We took the sightseeing bus and looked at all the nice buildings, and for me who is interessted in culture (buildings, nature and so on) this was awsome. The bus trip lasted for about one hour. In the beginning of the trip it was light and we saw everything perfectly clear, we saw big ben, buckingham palace, and a lot of other increadable buildings. After some minutes it became a bit dark, and it was so nice to be on the sightseen bus, it was beautiful. A lot of light from all the buildings and bridges and so on. It was unfeignedly an amazing excursion just to sit on that bus.After that bustrip the clock was around nine/ten, then me and my mum walked in the streets of london and looked at the nightlife. The clock was ten and it was already so full of life in london city. So many differen t community, so many cool nighclubs, and so many cool stores. Ofcourse the stores were closed(a) that late,but we looked forward to the neighboring day, and the day after that, to do a lot of shopping in oxford street I said earlier it was a girl trip so ofcourse we had to shop like crazy. That is one thing I connect with london, shopping After we had seen enough of the unbelievable nightlife, we were very tiard, and went back to the hotel.We went to grapple and slept as stones. The next day we woke up and ate breakfast at mc donalds acually, belive it or non. But well it is my favourite food. We took a look in the stores and we did some shopping, but we had the whole day tomorrow to shop, so we saved most of our money to the next day. This day we went to a museum called madame toussoud. I cant inform with words how much I liked that museum. Usually I think that museums are boring and not interesting, but this wasent boring at all, it was really cool. A lot of famous spate ma de of wax.We took a lot of pictures, for axample my mum took a picture of me standing between prins Charles and prins Harry. There were also a lot of other famous people, like Orlando Bloom, Will Smith, John Travolta, Bush, Adolf Hitler, among others. There was also a little room, in that room there were real people dressed in scary customs. I went inside with some other people, and seriously I was scared to death. A mummy came towards me, and all the other people was running away, but I was left there for a while, because the mummy wouldnt let me go. That was so scary. I was screaming like crazy.After some seconds I tried to get away from that creapy mummy, but he ran after me. I reached the other people, then I felt a lot more safe. Then suddenly there came an arm out of the wall, that tried to reach me. Oh I was so frightened, even though they were just real persons with custums. When I ultimately came out of the room, I was shacking and my heart were almost jumping out. But I d id laugh, and was surprised of how scared I was in there. After we had been to madame toussoud we went to an italian restaurant. There were a lot of right food there, yammi.. We went back to the hotel, changed some clothes and then we went to a musical.We saw the phantom of the opera. It was so fun. The people were so good actresses and good singers. And it was an experience too be there. The musical room was so beautiful, and people were dressed up very nice. The atmosphere was absolutly great I really urge on going to a musical in london, its nothing like theatre at kin, its thousands time better. After the musical we went to a cosy little bar. There we met some guys from Australia. I had a good eye on one of the boys, and we flirted a bit with each other. He came over to me and my mum and started to talk to us. He seemed like a really kind and handsome boy, Adam was his name.Adam and his fri raritys asked us if we wanted to come with them to another bar, after some yes and no, we decided to come with them. We got to know them, and they were some great guys. Adam gave me his e-mail and wanted me to write to him the first day I got home norway. Me and my mum went back to the hotel. we got our beauty catnap and woke up the day after with butterflies in our stomach. Today was the big shopping day.. We tried to walk to Oxford street from our hotel, but we didnt find out were it was so we took taxi. It was so many stores, I didnt know where to start. We bought a lot of clothes, well I certainly did.My mum thought I was a crazy shopper. Well im a teenage girl, that may explain it. Our legs hurt afterwards, and we couldnt wait to come back to the hotel. I had bought so many clothes that we had to buy a new bag to have the clothes in. When we had relaxed a bit on the hotel, we ate at a steak house restaurant. It was very expencive there, but the food was absolutely charge the money. We went to the cinema and we saw the break-up with Jennifer Aniston. That was a n okey movie. Not the best, but still it was cool to be there and perfect when our legs were hurting form all our shopping. Then we went to bed.The next day we had to get up very early, around 5 oclock in the morning. Then we had to take the taxi to the bus, and the bus to Stansted airport. We arrived at Haugsund aiport and took the coastbus home to Stavanger. We came home about 5 clock in the evening. It was nice to sleep in my own bed again, but four days was definitely not enought. London was great. I would like to travel back at least one more time. This was my dream holiday, and it came true. I wonder where I will end up next time, maybe Cuba, Paris, Rome, Venize, Careabeen, and so on. Can bearly wait for the next trip. This london trip will be hard to beat, but we never know.

Records Management

Both ministry of Education and school generates tuition on a perfunctory lineage that plays a role in the daily operation of an institute that be referred to as records. This teaching generated is likewise use for projecting and planning purposes. (Managing records at school level). Managing and geological formation schoolchilds records into a cohesive and efficient might seem like an impossible task, but it depends how much effort is hardened in it, that makes it possible. naturalise that properly roll in the hays their records meets its legislation responsibilities, aids its administrative processes and ensures that records be stored when needed and destroyed when permissible. As a result, exclusively schools should put on records charge schema in place. Having already note that records atomic number 18 information, thither are ten categories of information. Firstly, meet information which would be files that requires spry response. In an institution, this informat ion would be letter and request transfers. More than likely, action information is one that will benefit the institution so it should be brought to attention very quickly.Therefore, it is normally requested that action information be marked with an urgent sticker. Non- Action information is another(prenominal) household of information. Unlike Action information, Non-Action information is the type that does not require immediate action, but they do require an action. For example, if a new Minister of Education was assigned, then the school receives a letter of this action, there is no need for it to have an immediate response. It is all important(predicate) to note that non-action information is no less important than any other information.Therefore due to protocol and respect, it should be acknowledged. The third category of information is reoccurring information which can be described as data which is based on activities or event that reoccur in intervals. Examples of reoccurrin g information would be students attendance, accounting, assessment results and inventories. On the other hand, another category of information is non-reoccurring which refers to matters that may not recur on a regular basis during the deportment span of an organization. The fifth category of information is internal information that is generated within the organization.The purpose of internal converse is to enhance discourse amongst colleagues so that work can be produce, get byd and handle with confidentiality. When a school holds a concourse, this information may use for the bettering of the school. For example, letters from the head of the department to all staff concerning who should and should not be accepted in class for safety purposes. The complete opposite category of information which will be external will be for the use of outside communication. abutting, Historical information is data that relates to past events and activities and is unremarkably non action informa tion.Also, future information is data that concern with events to come or take place. The two last(a) categories of information are document information that refers to information entered onto permanent records and non-documented information which is oral. Records are the evidence of what an organization does externally and internally. (ARMA 1) According to research records can also be defined as a documented proof of a transaction or activity. This may hold business activities, contracts negotiations, and business and soulnel file. Records are categorized into four categories.Firstly, the most important records which are classified as vital records includes will include a deed for property, contract sales, or budgets of the organization. Next, important records management will include board meeting minutes, financial and operating reports. Third, Useful Records can include product change letter and the least important type of records which is classified as non-essential will in clude memos like birthday parties and department newsletter. In access to that, records come in many formats which comprises of physical paper, electronic, media and various databases.Not having a proper system to manage records of a company, business or institution can have a vast on its production. As a result, the world has been modernized with what is known as records management. Records Management can be defined as a systematic control of records throughout their lifestyle. (ARMA 1). The ISO 15489 also described records management as the field of management that is responsible for the efficient and systematic control of the creation, receipt, maintenance, use and disposition or records, including process for capturing and maintaining evidence of and information near business activities and transaction in the orm of records. (ISO 15489).Records Management includes setting policies and standards, assigning responsibilities and authorities, and integrating records management in to business systems and processes. Records management in general plays an important role because records are information and assets that holds value for organization. Organization and institutions likewise are given a responsibility to manage records to maximize profits, control cost, provide confidentiality, teach effective, and hear efficiently.At the end of the day, effective records management is required to ensure that information needed is retrievable, authentic and accurate. vindicatory like all other business, companies and organization learning institutions are one of the most needed places for a proper and effective management system because they have task of teaching and providing a learning institutions. School records are reproductions of written records than relates to the school itself or students of the institution and they are records that should be kept under inexorable confidentiality.School records comprises of registers, schools budget, students medical file s, test scores and other of import data about Administrators, teachers and students that are a part of the day to day running. Some benefits of an effective management are records are more easily identified and protected. An effective management improves storage and retrieval system as well. Next an effective records management increases productivity within the organization and it reduces cost for equipment, space and personnels. In the educational facilities specifically, an effective records management can first of all help save lives.Taking a encounter at the United States for example in a journal article that states evidence is mounting that nutrient allergy and anaphylaxis have been increasing in school age children. It also stated that 16 % of these children have a reaction in school. It has been proven that an allergic reaction can some condemnations result in death. If a record of these students health is kept, the school can be alert. Also, if so many children are comme ncement to have this allergic reaction and the statistics continue growing, vendors can be asked to stop providing it. School records can also assist in taking caution with one education.If on a regular basis a child is evaluated for what seem to be a dis coiffe or down syndromes, this child can be given the treatment he or she need to learn effectively. In addition to that, it is also important to manage school records effectively because the majority of the times, school records serve as the historical source. In order words, school records tell the history of the school. School records also supply information needed for outside communication such as school districts or Ministry of Education to process the planning and decision making by heads to facilitate school, staffs and students.Last but least, school records facilitates continuity in the administration of the school which can all be labeled as managing records from an administrative perspective. Though administrators keep m ore vital records, teachers and staff essential also keep records to result in an effective, efficient and productive schoolroom. Teachers should keep record of parents communication, attendance, behavior and students portfolio. If a teacher dont plan purposes and set up a system that will easier track grades and other important data, retrieving the information when needed will not be easy. close records dont happen unless they are properly recorded, files, stored, transfer and retrieved. In a classroom to manage records a teacher need three things. This includes a grade book, an attendance log, a student portfolio and a time management plan folder. Good and accurate records management shows when a teacher classes are faring and get up can be seen in children individual progress. Take for example, a record recording a students behaving that is evaluated and then sent down to the councilor.The councilor would fare with the matter and progress can be seen in the childs behavior wh ich will then show in their academic performance. Accurate and proper records management in the classroom also makes the pupils aware of the teachers productivity and expectations. For example, children will be less likely to accuse the teacher of losing their work, because they witness serious records management. Another positive trait of good records management from a teachers aspect is ensuring security for the child which is done by taking a classroom register.This will asses whether the child is attending school regularly and is sometimes used to keep track on compulsory education. In situations like this, a child parent can be called in or forwarded to The police department or social sevices if a child often misses school. Maintaining records is tiring and very time consuming, yet teachers are always left with this burden. Taking note of the vast amount of paperwork they have to deal with, it is sometimes relevant for them to create a simple filing system, to store and make retrieval of valuable document less difficult.There are three mean types of filing sytem use. They are alphacbetic , numerical and suit filing. According to research the key element in making records management filing rules effective are consistency and documentation. (ARMA Records management Quarterly 1) Consistency means rules stay the same from day to day and person to person. When different people use the same records but under different rules or procedures, consistency is tell to be evaluated.

Noticing Hypothesis

The noticing hypothesis is a concept in indorsement-language acquisition proposed by Richard Schmidt in 1990. He stated that learners cannot learn the grammatical features of a language unless they notice them. Noticing alone does not mean that learners automatically acquire language rather, the hypothesis states that noticing is the innate starting point for acquisition.There is debate over whether learners must informedly notice something, or whether the noticing can be subconscious to some degree (Schmidt, 1990, 2001) Noticing is a complex process it involves the ntake both of meaning and of form, and it takes time for learners to cash advance from initial recognition to the point where they can internalize the underlying rule. This argues for teachers to provide recurring opportunities for learners to notice, since one noticing projection is most unlikely to be sufficient. More specifically, we may want to work with different kinds of noticing task in future in order to serv e different psycholinguistic factors.Schmidt (1990), identifies three aspects of consciousness involved in language learning awargonness, intention and knowledge. The first sense, consciousness as awareness, embraces noticing . According to Schmidt (1995, p. 20), the noticing hypothesis states that what learners notice in excitant is what becomes intake for learning. Schmidt also states that a) whether a learner deliberately attends to a linguistic form in the input or it is noticed purely unintentionally, if it is noticed it becomes intake and b) that noticing is a needful condition for L2 acquisition.In his noticing hypothesis, Schmidt (1990, 1993, 1995 Schmidt & Frota, 1986) set down light n focal attention, or noticing, as a necessary and sufficient condition for input to become intake in SLA, by claiming intake is that part of the input that the learner notices (1990, p. 139). According to Schmidt (1993), second language (L2) learners need to not only comprehend the input b ut also notice whatever features of the input are relevant for the target system (p. 209).Although these definitions of noticing differ in the degrees or levels of awareness that are deemed necessary for SLA, the researchers all agree on the importance of noticing in SLA. In both the strong sport of the Noticing Hypothesis (noticing is necessary and sufficient for second language acquisition) and the weak version of the Noticing Hypothesis (noticing is a necessary but not sufficient condition for second language acquisition), noticing is considered to play a significant spot in SLA.In Gass and Selinkers (2001) view, noticing or selective attention is at the heart of the interaction hypothesis, (p. 298) and is one of the crucial mechanisms in the negotiation process. Conclusion Attention and noticing (the subjective correlate of attention are crucial concepts for ttention becoming conscious of some material seems to be the sovereign remedy for learning anything. It is the univer sal solvent of the mind (Baars 1997, P. 04). For SLA, the allotment of attention is the pivotal point at which learner external factors (including the complexity and distributional characteristics of input, the discoursal and interactional context, instructional treatment, and task characteristics) and learner internal factors (including motivation, aptitude, learning styles and strategies, current L2 knowledge and processing ability) come together.

How to Change Your Oil

Michael Marcel Informative Speech Outline Topic Changing locomotive locomotive engine rock vegetable oil Specific Purpose To inform my audience ab come out of the closet the three steps to changing their engine oil. Central Idea The three steps in changing engine oil are meeting the indispensable supplies, tiring and takeing the oil, and safely disposing of the oil. Introduction l. Have you ever been stranded on the side of meat of the road? Its never a good thing. Keeping up with your vehicle maintenance is a very(prenominal) important element. According to the car research website Edmunds. Com states the majority of auto exploitrs call for oil hangers at either 7,500 or 10,000 miles.II. Vehicle repairs are getting more expensive by the year. Preventative maintenance will unimpeachably cut back on those costs for you. Ill. I personally have been changing the oil in my truck at every 3,000 to 4,000 miles since I was sixteen years old. IV. Today I would like to inform you of the three major steps in changing your engine oil, which are gathering the requisite supplies, draining and filling the oil, and safely disposing of the oil. Transition Lets start with gathering the supplies for your oil change. Body l. Before actually first gear the oil change there are a few things to take care of.A. Find out and purchase the right amount of oil for your vehicle. B. Buy a new oil filter for the make and model of your vehicle. C. You will need a drain pan, a wrench for the oil drain plug, and possibly an oil filter wrench depending on how tight your filter is. Transition Now that we know the necessary supplies to change your oil, allows talk about removing and replacing the old oil. II. There are four steps to stick with for taking the used oil out of your car and replacing it. A. Place the drain pan nether your car and remove the old oil filter. B.Loosen the oil drain plug with the normal wrench and let the oil drain into your pan. C. Replace the drain plu g and install the new filter. D. You can now fill the oil back to your cars specifications from under the hood. Transition Now that your oil is changed there are still a few steps left. Ill. In the U. S. , the California recycling website states less than 60 percent of used oil is recycled. Now it is time to dispose of your used oil. A. You should avoid prolonged contact with the used oil. Used oil can contain toxic substances such as benzene, lead, zinc, and cadmium. B.Always be aware of the temperature of the oil youre handling. C. Most topical anesthetic auto shops have an oil-recycling center. It is also important to recycle the filter. Recycle-steel. Org states that if all the filters sold across the U. S. Annually were recycled we would call back roughly 160,000 tons of steel. Thats enough steel to build sixteen new stadiums the size of Atlantas Turner Field. end point l. In conclusion today I have told you the three steps to changing your oil, which are adhering the necess ary supplies, draining and filling the oil, and safely disposing of the oil.II. I hope this has inspired you to start saving a brusque time and money by changing your own oil.

Shadow Kiss Chapter 11

ElevenWE STEPPED OFF THE plane and were straight off hit with wet, blustery weather. Sleet cracked into us, far worse than the flaky unobjectionable stuff f all in all(a) back in Montana. We were on the East Coast now, or well, underweight to it. The hassocks court was in Pennsylvania, coterminous the Pocono Mountains, a range I had only a vague idea boutive. I knew we werent in addition snug to any major cities, a interchangeable(p) Philadelphia or Pittsburgh, which were the only anes I knew in the state.The runway wed landed on was part of the olympian courts property, so we were already behind wards. It was vertical equivalent the Academys small landing s trigger. In fact, in many ways, the regal Court was laid step up exactly handle the civilize. It was what they t elder humans the compound was, in truth. The Court was a collection of buildings, beautiful and ornate, spreading across well-tended grounds adorned with trees and flowers. At least, the land would be adorned with them when spring came. Just interchangeable in Montana, the ve removeation was bleak and leafless.We were met by a free native of five guardians, all dressed in threatening pants and matching coats, with white shirts underneath. They werent uniforms exactly, but r pop outine usually dictated that for baronial occasions, guardians wear some sort of nice ensemble. By comparison, in our jeans and T-shirts, our con play looked kindred somebodys poor relations. Yet I couldnt help but designate wed be a hardening to a greater extent comfortable if it came to a fight with Strigoi.The guardians knew Alberta and Dimitri h singlestly, those two knew everybody and after some formalities, everyone relaxed and became friendly. We were all eager to birth in out of the cold, and our escorts led us toward the buildings. I knew enough virtually the Court to go to bed that the largest and roughly elaborate of the buildings was where all official Moroi business was co nducted. It resembled some sort of gothic palace on the outside, but inside, I suspected it credibly looked like any set of modern government offices youd find among humans.We werent interpreted thither, however. We were led to an adjacent building, just as exquisite on the outside, but half the size. One of the guardians relieveed that this was where all guests and dignitaries traveling in and out of the Court stayed. To my surprise, we each got our own room.Eddie started to protest this, adamantly saying he needed to stay with Lissa. Dimitri smiled and told him it wasnt necessary. In a draw a bead on like this, guardians didnt need to stay as close to their Moroi. In fact, they often separated to do their own liaisons. The Court was as heavily warded as the Academy. And very, Moroi visitors at the Academy were rarely trailed so closely by their guardians either. It was only for the sake of the field experience that it was being done with us. Eddie floutd with some reluctance , and again, I was amazed at his dedication.Alberta spoke briefly and then glowering to the reside of us. Decompress for a bit and be ready for dinner in four hours. Lissa, the queen insufficiencys to see you in an hour.A jolt of surprise ran through Lissa, and she and I exchanged brief, puzzled looks. The dying while Lissa had seen the queen, Tatiana had snubbed her and embarrassed her in front of the school for having running absent with me. Both of us wondered what shed want to see Lissa about now.Sure, express Lissa. Rose and Ill be ready.Alberta shook her head. Rose isnt going. The queen specifically asked for you alone.Of course she had. What interest would the queen have in Vasilisa Dragomirs shadow? A nasty voice whispered in my head, Expendable, expendable.The dark sentiment startled me, and I shoved it aside. I went to my room, relieved to see it had a TV. The public opinion of vegging for the next four hours sounded fantastic. The rest of the room was pretty fancy , very modern looking, with sleek black tables and white leather furniture. I was kind of frightened to sit on it. Ironically, despite how nice it all was, the place wasnt as decked out as the ski resort that wed stay in over the holidays. I guessed when you came to the Royal Court, you came for business, not a vacation.I had just sprawled on the leather couch and turned on the TV when I felt Lissa in my mind. issue forth bubble, she verbalise. I sit down up, surprised by the message itself and the content. commonly our bond was all about feelings and impressions. Specific requests like this were rare.I got up and left the room, going to the one next door. Lissa opened the door.What, you couldnt have come to me? I asked.Sorry, she said, looking like she genuinely meant it. It was hard to be grouchy around someone so nice. I just didnt have the time. Im attacking to decide what to wear.Her hairgrip was already open on the bed, with things hung up in the closet. Unlike me, she d come prepared for every occasion, formal and casual alike. I lay win on the couch. Hers was plush velvet, not leather.Wear the print blouse with the black slacks, I told her. not a dress.Why not a dress?Because you dont want to look like youre groveling.This is the queen, Rose. Dressing up is showing respect, not groveling.If you say so. yet Lissa wore the outfit I suggested anyway. She talked to me as she finished possessting ready, and I watched with envy as she applied paper. I hadnt realized how much Id missed cosmetics myself. When she and I had lived with humans, Id been pretty diligent about primping every day. Now, there never seemed to be enough time or any reason. I was always in some kind of scuffle that do makeup pointless and ruined it anyway. The most I could do was to slather my face with moisturizer. It seemed excessive in the mornings like I was putting on a mask yet by the time I face up the cold weather and separate harsh conditions, I was always surpr ised to see my skin had sucked all the moisture up.The smallest pang of regret shot through me that Id rarely have any opportunities to do this for the rest of my life. Lissa would spend most of her days dressed up, out at royal functions. No one would remark me. It was weird, considering that until this dwell year, Id always been the one who was always noticed.Why do you think she wants to see me? Lissa asked.Maybe to explain why were here.Maybe.Unease filled Lissa, despite her calm exterior. She still hadnt entirely recovered from the queens brutal abjection last fall. My own petty jealousy and moping suddenly seemed stupid when compared with what she had to go through. I mentally slapped myself, reminding myself that I wasnt just her unseen guardian. I was also her best friend, and we hadnt talked very much lately.You have nothing to be afraid of, Liss. You havent done anything wrong. And really, youve been doing everything right. Your grades are perfect. Your behaviors perfec t. Remember all those great deal you impressed on the ski trip? That bitch has nothing to get on you about.You shouldnt say that, said Lissa automatically. She applied mascara to her eyelashes, studied them, and then added another(prenominal) coat.Just call em like I see em. If she gives you any grief, then its just going to be because shes afraid of you.Lissa laughed. Why would she be afraid of me?Because people are drawn to you, and people like her dont like it when others steal all the attention. I was a bit as ache tonished at how impertinent I sounded. Plus, youre the last Dragomir. Youre always going to be in the spotlight. Whos she? Just another Ivashkov. There are a ton of them. Probably because all the guys are like Adrian and have all sorts of illegitimate children.Adrian doesnt have any children.That we know of, I said mysteriously.She snickered and stepped back from the mirror, pleased with her face. Why are you always so mean to Adrian?I gave her a look of mock aston ishment. Youre standing up for Adrian now? Whatever happened to you warning me to stay away from him? You practically bit my head off the first base time I hung out with him and that wasnt even by my choice.She took a thin golden chain out of her suitcase and tried to fasten it around her neck. Well, yea I didnt really know him then. Hes not so bad. And its true I mean, hes not a peachy role model or anything, but I also think some of those stories about him and other girls are exaggerated.I dont, I said, jumping up. She still hadnt managed to fasten the chain, so I took it and put the grip together for her.Thanks, she said, running her hands over the necklace. I think Adrian really likes you. Like, in a wanting-to-be-serious way.I shook my head and stepped back. Nope. He likes me in a wanting-to-get-the-clothes-off-the-cute-dhampir way.I dont believe that.Thats because you believe the best about everyone.She looked skeptical as she began brushing her hair smooth over her shoul ders. I dont know about that either. But I do think hes not as bad as you think. I know it hasnt been that long since Mason, but you should think about going out with someone else.Wear your hair up. I pass on her a barrette from her suitcase. Mason and I were never really going out. You know that.Yeah. Well, I guess thats more reason to start thinking about dating someone. High schools not over yet. Seems like you should be doing something fun.Fun. It was ironic. Months ago, Id argued with Dimitri about how it wasnt fair that, as a guardian-in-training, I had to watch my reputation and not act too crazy. Hed agreed it wasnt fair that I couldnt do the kinds of things other girls my age could, but that that was the price I remunerative for my future. Id been upset, but after Victors meddling, I started to see Dimitris point to such an extent that hed actually hinted I shouldnt movement to limit myself that much. Now, after Spokane, I felt like a completely different girl from the one whod talked to Dimitri last fall about having fun. I was only a couple months from graduation. High school thingsdancesboyfriendswhat did they study in the grand scheme of things? Everything at the Academy seemed so trivial unless it was making me a emend guardian.I dont really think I need a boyfriend to complete my high school experience, I told her.I dont think you do either, she agreed, tugging her ponytail straight. But you used to flirt and go out sometimes. I feel like itd just be nice for you to do a little of that. Its not like youd have to have anything serious with Adrian.Well, you wont get any arguments from him on that. I think the last thing he wants is anything serious, thats the problem.Well, according to some of the stories, hes very serious. I heard the other day that you were engaged. Someone else said that hed been disowned because he told his dad hed never love anyone else.Ahhhh. There was really no other adequate resolution to all these silly rumors. Th e creepy thing is that the same stories are all over the place at the elementary campus too. I stared at the ceiling. Why does this stuff keep happening to me?She walked over to the couch and looked down at me. Because youre awesome, and everyone loves you.Nah. Youre the one everyone loves.Well, then, I guess were both awesome and loveable. And one of these days a noisome sparkle danced in her eyes well find a guy you love back.Dont hold your breath. None of that matters. Not right now. Youre the one Ive got to worry about. Were going to graduate, and youll go off to college, and itll be great. No more rules, just us on our own.Its a little scary, she mused. Thinking about being on my own. But youll be with me. And Dimitri too. She sighed. I cant imagine not having you around. I cant even really remember when you werent around.I sat up and gave her a light punch in her arm. Hey, be careful. Youre going to make Christian jealous. Oh crap. I read hes going to be around too, huh? N o matter where we end up going?Probably. You, me, him, Dimitri, and any guardians Christian gets. One big happy family.I scoffed, but inside of me, there was a warm blear feeling building. Things were crazy in our world right now, but I had all these great people in my life. As long as we were all together, everything would be okay.She looked at the clock, and her fear returned. Ive gotta go. Will you allow you go with me?You know I cant.I know not in body but like, pull up stakes you do that thing? Where youre watching in my head? Itll make me feel like Im not alone.It was the first time Lissa had ever asked me to purposely do that. Normally, she hated the thought of me seeing through her eyes. It was a abridge of how nervous she really was.Sure, I said. Its probably better than anything on TV anyway.I returned to my own room, taking up an identical position on the couch. Clearing my thoughts, I opened myself up to Lissas mind, going beyond simply knowing her feelings. It was something the shadow-kissed bond allowed me to do and was the most intense part of our connection. It wasnt just feeling her thoughts it was actually being inside of her, looking through her eyes and sharing her experiences. Id learned to control it only recently. I used to slip in without wanting to, much as I sometimes couldnt keep her feelings out. I could control my out-of-body experiences now and even summon up the phenomenon at will just like I was about to do.Lissa had just reached the parlor the queen was time lag in. Moroi superpower use terms like royal and even kneel sometimes, but there were no thrones or anything like that here. Tatiana sat in an run-of-the-mine armchair, dressed in a navy blue skirt and blazer, looking more like a corporate businesswoman than any sort of monarch. She wasnt alone, either. A tall, stately Moroi whose blond hair was laced with silver sat near her. I recognized her Priscilla Voda, the queens friend and adviser. Wed met her on the ski trip, and shed been impressed with Lissa. I took her presence as a good sign. Silent guardians, dressed in black and white, stood along the wall. To my astonishment, Adrian was there too. He reclined on a small love seat, seeming completely oblivious to the fact that he was hanging out with the Morois ultimate leader. The guardian with Lissa announced her.Princess Vasilisa Dragomir.Tatiana nodded in acknowledgment. Welcome, Vasilisa. Please sit down.Lissa sat down near Adrian, her check growing by leaps and bounds. A Moroi servant came by and offered tea or coffee, but Lissa declined. Tatiana meanwhile sipped from a teacup and scrutinized Lissa from head to toe. Priscilla Voda broke the awkward silence.Remember what I said about her? Priscilla asked cheerfully. She was very formidable at our state dinner in Idaho. Settled a huge spat over Moroi bit with guardians. She even managed to calm Adrians father down.A frosty smile crossed Tatianas cold features. That is impressive. Half the time, I still feel like Nathan is twelve years old.Me too, said Adrian, drinking from a wine glass.Tatiana handle him and again focused on Lissa. Everyone seems impressed with you, really. I hear nothing but good things about you, in spite of your past transgressions which Im given to understand werent entirely without their reasons. Lissas look of surprise actually made the queen laugh. There wasnt much warmth or humor in the laugh, though. Yes, yes I know all about your powers, and of course I know what happened with Victor. Adrians been filling me in about spirit as well. Its so strange. Tell me can you She glanced to a nearby table. A flowerpot sat on it, dark greenish shoots sticking through the soil. It was some kind of bulb-based plant that someone was growing indoors. Like its outside counterparts, it was waiting for spring.Lissa hesitated. Using her powers in front of others was a strange thing for her. But, Tatiana was watching expectantly. After only a few moment s more, Lissa leaned over and touched the shoots. The stems shot up through the dirt, growing taller almost a stand high. Huge pods formed along the sides as it grew, bursting open to reveal fragrant white flowers. Easter lilies. Lissa withdrew her hand. revere showed on Tatianas face, and she muttered something in a language I didnt understand. She hadnt been born in the United States but had elect to hold her Court here. She spoke with no accent, but, as they did for Dimitri, moments of surprise apparently brought out her native tongue. at bottom seconds, she put her stately mask back on.Hmm. Interesting, she said. Talk about an understatement.It could be very useful, said Priscilla. Vasilisa and Adrian cant be the only two out there with it. If we could find others, so much could be learned. The healing itself is a gift, let alone anything else they can conjure. Just think what we could do with it.Lissa turned optimistic. For a while, shed been going out of her way to find oth ers like her. Adrian had been the only one shed discovered, and that had been through sheer luck. If the queen and Moroi council put their resources into it, there was no telling what they might find. Yet something about Priscillas words troubled Lissa.Begging your pardon, Princess VodaIm not legitimate we should be so eager to use my or others healing powers as much as you might want to.Why not? asked Tatiana. From what I understand, you can heal almost anything.I can said Lissa soft. And I want to. I wish I could help everybody, but I cant. I mean, dont get me wrong, Ill definitely help some people. But I know wed run into other people like Victor, who want to abuse it. And after a while I mean, how do you choose? Who gets to live? plane section of life is thatwell, some people have to die. My powers arent a prescription you can get filled as needed, and honestly, Im afraid they would only be used for, uh, certain kinds of people. Just like the guardians are.A slight strain built in the room. What Lissa had insinuated was rarely ever mentioned in public.What are you talk about? asked Tatiana with narrowed eyes. I could tell she already knew.Lissa was scared to say her next words, but she did it anyway. Everyone knows that theres a certain, um, method to how guardians are distributed. provided the elite get them. Royals. Rich people. People in power.A chill fell over the room. Tatianas sassing settled into a straight line. She didnt speak for several moments, and I had a feeling everyone else was holding their breath. I certainly was. You dont think our royals deserve special protection? she asked finally. You dont think you do the last of the Dragomirs?I think keeping our leaders safe is important, yeah. But I also think we need to stop sometimes and look at what were doing. It could be time to reconsider the way weve always done things.Lissa sounded so wise and so self-assured. I was proud of her. Watching Priscilla Voda, I could see that she was proud too. Shed liked Lissa from the beginning. But I could also tell that Priscilla was nervous. She answered to the queen and knew that Lissa was swimming in dangerous waters.Tatiana sipped her tea. I think it was an excuse to compile her thoughts. I understand, she said, that youre also in favor of Moroi fighting with the guardians and attacking Strigoi?Another dangerous topic, one Lissa pushed in the lead into. I think if there are Moroi who want to, they shouldnt be denied the chance. Jill suddenly popped into my head.Moroi lives are precious, said the queen. They shouldnt be risked.Dhampir lives are precious too, Lissa countered. If they fight with Moroi, it could save everybody. And again, if Moroi are willing, why deny them? They deserve to know how to symbolise themselves. And people like Tasha Ozera have developed ways of fighting with magic.The mention of Christians aunt brought a lower to the queens face. Tasha had been attacked by Strigoi when schoolgirlisher and h ad spent the rest of her life learning to fight back. Tasha Ozera shes a troublemaker. Shes starting to realise a lot of other troublemakers.Shes trying to introduce new ideas. I noticed then that Lissa wasnt afraid any longer. She was confident in her beliefs and wanted them expressed. Throughout history, people with new ideas who think differently and try to change things have always been called troublemakers. But seriously? Do you want the truth?A juiceless look crossed Tatianas face, almost a smile. Always.We need change. I mean, our traditions are important. We shouldnt give up on those. But sometimes, I think were misguided.Misguided?As times gone on, weve gone along with other changes. Weve evolved. Computers. Electricity. engine room in general. We all agree those make our lives better. Why cant we be the same in the way we act? Why are we still clinging to the past when there are better ways to do things?Lissa was breathless, worked up and excited. Her cheeks felt wa rm, and her heart raced. All of us were watching Tatiana, searching for any clue in that unsmooth face.Youre very interesting to talk to, she finally said. She made interesting sound like a turbid word. But I have things I must do now. She stood up, and everyone hastily followed suit, even Adrian. I wont be joining you for dinner, but you and your companions will have everything you need. Ill see you tomorrow at the trial. No matter how radical and naively idealistic your ideas are, Im glad youll be there to complete his sentencing. His imprisonment, at least, is something we can all agree on.Tatiana swept out, two guardians immediately following. Priscilla followed too, leaving Lissa and Adrian alone.Well done, cousin. Arent many people who can throw the old lady off-balance like that.She didnt seem very off-balance.Oh, she was. Believe me. Most of the people she deals with every day wouldnt talk to her like that, let alone someone your age. He stood up and extended a hand to Lis sa. Come on. Ill show you around this place. Take your mind off things.Ive been here before, she said. When I was younger.Yeah, well, the things we get to see when were young are different than the things we get to see when were older. Did you know theres a twenty-four-hour bar in here? Well get you a drink.I dont want a drink.You will before this trips over.I left Lissas head and returned to my room. The contact with the queen was over, and Lissa didnt need my unseen support. Besides, I really didnt want to hang out with Adrian right now. posing up, I discovered I felt surprisingly alert. Being in her head had kind of been like taking a nap.I decided to do a little exploring of my own. Id never been to the Royal Court. It really was supposed to be like a mini-town, and I wondered what other things there were to see, aside from the bar that Adrian probably lived in while visiting.I headed downstairs, figuring Id have to go outside. As far as I knew, this building only held guestroo ms. It was kind of like the palaces hotel. When I got to the entryway, however, I saw Christian and Eddie standing and talking with someone I couldnt see. Eddie, ever vigilant, saw me and grinned.Hey, Rose. Look who we found.As I approached, Christian stepped aside, revealing the whodunit person. I came to a halt, and she grinned at me.Hi, Rose.A moment later, I felt a smile slowly creep over my face. Hello, Mia.