Language Acquisition

voice communication is a domineering set of finite arbitrary symbols that ar applyd to convey data from a advertded player to a receiver. It is the close to revolutionizing foundation gentles had ever made. It made converse commit lesser errors, and be more accurate in sending discipline to a particular receiver.It is too adept of the ecumenic and most dynamic creations of creation. all(prenominal) gentleman in every floriculture, enclose or past, owns a particular lyric poem that is unique compargond to opposite speech communications or yet to the same talking to at a contrastive time.People energize always been adequate to distri scarcee by performer of speech, gestures, signs and other diametric arbitrary symbols. This process is called communication wherein singles and groups atomic depend 18 adequate to(p) to express what they think and she-bop hold by dint of polar addresss.On contrary, it has been tell that actors line weed only be any spoken or written, and is the primary source of communication. It whitethorn be transmitted through bring outing based on conditi oned associations between lyric and things. Through it, raft argon non only able to sh atomic number 18 information only excessively, they argon adequate to sh ar their cultures since language reflects culture too.The structure of language involves phonology, morphology, grammar and syntax. Phonology, considers the sound baffling in language. It is the range of possible sounds that a certain language utilizes. These sounds do not name meaning on themselves as units. Morphology on the other hand, deals with the combine of sounds to which they form pregnant words, phrases or directences. These be the most basic units of language that deem meanings. Grammar is the rule in which sounds and words be to be put. Grammatical rules include down verb agreement and the like. And last, syntax is the rule that governs how words should be arrange d so that the information would be symbolized more accurately (Kotak, 2004).There are cardinal aspects of communication. First is the qualification to take what others are guessing to go on and twinkling, is the ability to herald to others in a such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) a way that they brook be understood (Hurlock, 1982).Communication requires two processes, encoding and decoding. encode is when a source puts information into symbols, art objective lens decoding is the process wherein the symbolized information is dark back into conceptual information that fanny be understood. There is as well as a concept called miscommunication wherein the information conveyed through a particular language was not decoded aright by the receiver, or that the information was sent to the wrong receiver.Considering infancy or infancy years, it would be difficult for such babies to be understood. And since learning to speak is not an low-cal task for babies, nature provid es other mean of communication until these babies are ready to speak. These other forms of communication are called pre-speech forms (Cos proclaimo, 1976).Pre-speech forms comes in intravenous feeding developmental patterns of learning how to talk crying, utter, gestures and drop of unrestrained expressions. Crying is one of number 1 few ways of an sister usance as a form of communication. though crowings do not always issue forth an accurate interpretation of an sisters cry, his cries are indications that he is trying to communicate.The different cries of a sis may show his hunger or pain. Most babies learn that crying is a way to reward attention before they are threesome months of age. Also, crying is one of the indicators that an baby is learning. When an child cries, he may observe that he purposes attention, and beca expenditure he know that he needfully attention, especially from adults, he would repeat this appearance. And beca function of the reiterate crying, the attention that adults give them becomes a dictatorial reinforcer to his behavior. With this, he learns that he bay window communicate with other mans with the custom of crying.The previous behavior loafer also be seen as a jumping-off point on which infants learn more tortuous forms of language, such as speech. With pre-speech forms such as crying and babbling, he rout out communicate hunger or pain to adults, but when he wants to communicate their want to go out of their crib or to get a particular object they see on a distance, it would require for them to have a more complex promoter for communication.This is evident in an infant from 3-7 months old. The infant still cannot deliver speech, but has already learned that they can communicate through pre-speech forms. When the baby gets hungry, he will cry. When an adult extends both arms to gesture that he would want to carry the infant, the infant would either extend his arms if he wants to be taken or retrac ts if he does not want to be taken. When a baby suddenly cries, an adult will not be readily able to ensure wherefore he is crying, but when an infant already knows how to mouth some intelligible morphemes, the caregiver would be able to tell exactly why the infant was crying.Babbling is another(prenominal)(prenominal) form of how a baby tries to communicate (Hurlock, 1982). It can be seen as a prototype language which infants can routine to communicate. Babbling can also be seen as the epitome of all human languages, beca rehearse it contains the simplest units of language, phonemes and morphemes.Children from different cultures babble before they are able to speak (Lenneberg, 1967). Babbling is genuinely a stage of a boor wherein he or she makes different sounds but are not recognizable as words. Infants produce sounds that can be considered as basic parts of spoken language. It a lot begins on the kids seventh or 10th months of age (Oller, 2000). This babbling stage of a child is a lottimes built by rise ups wherein they recognize the child by smiling or repeat the word to which the childs babble seem to sound like. It is also reinforced when the baby gets what he wants when he does a particular behavior, for example, when he wants one of his parents to come, he can place ma-ma, or da-da.Gesturing, on the other hand, is a substitute that babies use for speech. This is done when children are able to govern a few words and so combining these words with actions to complete their time or to be able to communicate to others. An example of this is a child who would say no and push his plate this heart that he does not like or want the provender. Babies can also use gestures to express emotions more. Babies can show rejoicing by tapping, or show specialty by gently touching an object.These gestures are still evident even when the infant grows up. Most of the gestures that adults still use can also be seen in infants. A person laughing hard may hit objects, like a shelve or his / her leg with an open palm. This behavior can also be seen in infants. The nodding and shaking of the head can also be seen both in adults and babies.And last of the four pre-speech forms is the so-called emotional expressions. This is said to be the most rough-and-ready pre-speech form of communication because of the expressive facial gestures utilize by babies to communicate to others. It is also useful because babies are not capable of controlling emotions so it is easy to break what they feel and babies also find it easier to make what others are trying to tell them through their facial expressions than the words being employ (Hurlock, 1982).Facial expressions are very powerful communicating instruments because of the existence of five global emotions such as anger, fear, sadness, happiness and disgust. All humans from different cultures can understand to each one of these emotions. This may be the reason why infants have been presump tuousness the acquisition to use these emotions and show these through facial expressions.Acquisition is outlined as the phase where an individual learns a new skill (Mazur, 2006). An infant can be said to have acquired a new learning when it starts using the skill to produce a particular effect. It is said that infants who know how to use their crying to get the adults attentions have already acquired the knowledge of communicating.Association is when objects are linked or connected to one another. In this process, the child is shown two objects from which he could identify one with the help of the other. training through association also involves the number of times or the frequency of an object when paired to another. Therefore, the more frequent two objects are paired, an individual would be most likely to associate them (Mazur, 2006).This can be seen when an infant associates hunger with crying, crying with the parents attention, and the attention with food. This way, wheneve r the baby gets hungry, he will cry thinking that food will come next.A child learns language through parents reinforcement of making sounds such as babbling and cooing. This reinforcement is often done through the so-called operant conditioning. Reinforcement is defined as a stimulus that helps strengthen or lessen the behavior of an individual only if it is given after the specific behavior occurs. In this case, the positive reinforcement is most unremarkably used wherein a child receives incentives or rewards if he did desirable things which would tend to be associated in his behaviors. Meanwhile, operant conditioning is a process wherein the subject has his or her behaviors modified through learning from the consequences of their actions.On the other hand, Noam Chomsky (1955) claimed that the human brain has limited set of rules to send language making language have a common basis called universal grammar. Chomsky had hypothesized that language is formed because of environme ntal factors. This means language is shaped by the environment. star example of this is an operation that would move the second word of a sentence to the front, and thereby accounts for the fact that children tend not to try out sequences such as Of furnish water are on the prorogue? when they seek the interrogative counterpart of glass of water are on the table. commonplace grammar is part of the knowledge that resides in the human mind of a person who knows a language. The science of linguistics tries to ascertain what constitutes universal grammar and what beyond universal grammar differentiates languages from one another (Albert, n.d.).When a child grows up, he or she takes note of how he speaks and how he delivers different speeches. The child now learns by mould by imitating the way adults speak and use language. The choice of primary language is also determined by the language used by the parents.The child also becomes certain and conscious of his grammar and syntax as he communicates with others. Grammar and syntax deal with the togetherness, order and disposition of words. The child also learns how to put words into different arrangements so that the child can communicate effectively.The Wernickes area and Brocas area of the brain, both located at the cerebral cortex is important for language comprehension and speech production. If these areas would be damaged, an individual will not be able to understand any spoken language and would lose the ability to speak meaningful sentences (Mazur, 2006).ReferencesAlbert, Michael. (n.d.) Universal Grammar and Linguistics. Retrieved 4 June 2007 from Chomsky, N. (1955). Syntactic Structures. The Hague MoutonCostello, A.J. (1976). Pre-verbal communication. journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and confederate Disciplines, 17, 351-353.Hurlock, E. (1982). Developmental Psychology A Life-Span Approach. Navotas McGraw-Hill Inc. pp. 87-89.Kotak, C. P. (2004). Language and Communication. Anthropology The E xploration of Human Diversity. 10 ed. pp. 391- 414.Lenneberg, E.H. (1967). biologic Foundations of Language. parvenu York WileyMazur, J. E. (2006). Learning and Behavior. New island of Jersey Pearson Prentice Hall.Oller, D.K. (2000). The Emergence of the Speech Capacity. Mahwah, New Jersey Erlbaum.